ABSTRACT Russia’s updated nuclear doctrine, signed into effect by President Vladimir Putin on November 19, 2024, represents a major shift in how Russia approaches its strategic defense. The doctrine now extends explicit nuclear protection to member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), which includes Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. This change marks … Leggi tutto REPORT : Russia’s Strategic Shift: Expanding the Nuclear Umbrella to CSTO Members