ABSTRACT Understanding what happened on October 7, 2023, requires us to look deeply into a story of assumptions, missteps, and surprises. Imagine being part of a system that believes its defenses are impenetrable, its adversaries predictable, and its intelligence reliable. That was the prevailing mindset in Israel leading up to the day when Hamas launched … Leggi tutto Civil-Military Relations and the Anatomy of Strategic Surprise: A Comprehensive Analysis of the October 7, 2023, Attack on Israel