France’s nuclear arsenal, comprising approximately 290 operational warheads as reported by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in July 2023, represents a cornerstone of its strategic posture, designed to ensure national sovereignty and deterrence against existential threats. This arsenal, managed by the Direction des Applications Militaires within the Nuclear Energy Commission, includes submarine-launched ballistic missiles … Leggi tutto Reassessing French Nuclear Doctrine: Balancing National Sovereignty with European Strategic Autonomy in a Multipolar Geopolitical Landscape