In Ghana, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) accounts for approximately 40% of the nation’s gold output, contributing $4.66 billion to export revenues in 2024, according to the Minerals Commission of Ghana’s February 2025 report. Despite its economic significance, an estimated 80% of ASGM operations remain unlicensed, operating outside the regulatory framework established by the … Leggi tutto Transnational Dynamics and Environmental Costs of Illegal Artisanal Gold Mining in Ghana: Geopolitical, Economic and Policy Perspectives