ABSTRACT In 2025, the intersection of economic sovereignty, military rearmament, and geopolitical distrust has converged in a complex European recalibration of gold custody practices long centered in the United States. At the heart of this dynamic lies the custodianship of over 2,100 metric tons of Italy and Germany’s gold reserves in the Federal Reserve Bank … Leggi tutto REPORT : The Geopolitical and Economic Implications of Foreign Gold Reserves in the United States: A Case Study of Italy, Germany and the Legacy of Bretton Woods in 2025