ABSTRACT Across the history of international trade, the imposition of tariffs has shaped the political economy of nations, reflecting both fiscal necessity and strategic calculation. At its core, a tariff is a compulsory tax levied on goods crossing a national border, traditionally collected by customs authorities under valuation principles codified in agreements such as the … Leggi tutto Reciprocal Tariffs – Real Aims – Measured Effects: A United States Policy Appraisal Using 2025 Evidence on Methodology, Global Value Chains and Bilateral Imbalances