ABSTRACT – Replacing US Military Capabilities in EU Defence: Verified Costs, Fiscal Instruments, and Strategic Gaps to 2035 Evidence published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in May 2025 establishes that substituting the currently assumed US conventional capabilities assigned to the Euro-Atlantic theatre would require European states to mobilise approximately $1 trillion over … Leggi tutto The Replacement of US Military Capabilities in the EU: A Verified Assessment of European Spending Gaps and Strategic Implications