ABSTRACT The formal award of the M51.4 development and production contract to ArianeGroup by the Direction générale de l’armement (DGA) in August 2025, publicly confirmed on 12 September 2025, marks a decisive stage in the long evolution of France’s nuclear deterrence architecture. This abstract consolidates the evidence base, strategic logic, industrial structures, operational integration, and … Leggi tutto ArianeGroup’s M51.4 Contract and France’s Strategic Oceanic Force: Technical Evolution, Industrial Dynamics and Nuclear Deterrence in 2025