ABSTRACT The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 catalyzed a profound transformation in European security, forcing continental powers to reconsider the viability of deterrence arrangements long premised on U.S. nuclear guarantees. The period from 2022–2025 has witnessed a convergence of factors—heightened Russian nuclear signaling, U.S. political uncertainty over commitments to NATO, and internal European debates … Leggi tutto Europe’s Nuclear Deterrence in Transition: Franco-British Coordination, Russian Perceptions and Strategic Stability in 2025