Abstract Purpose The rapid evolution of telecommunications infrastructure stands as a cornerstone in the architecture of modern nation-states, where connectivity not only facilitates economic transactions but also underpins national security, governance, and social cohesion. In this context, India‘s development and deployment of the indigenous Swadeshi 4G stack emerges as a pivotal response to longstanding vulnerabilities … Leggi tutto India’s Indigenous 4G Stack: Telecom Sovereignty Milestone in 2025