Abstract Purpose: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), convened for its 25th summit in Tianjin on September 1, 2025, represents a pivotal platform for China’s geopolitical strategy, particularly in managing its complex relationship with Russia and articulating an alternative to the Western-led international order. This article examines the SCO’s role as a regional security and political … Leggi tutto Shanghai Cooperation Organization: China’s Strategic Tool for Russia Management and Global Order Reform in 2025