ABSTRACT — Regional Deterrence, Airspace Sovereignty, and Frontier Escalation Dynamics on the Afghanistan–Pakistan Axis through September 2025 The retaliatory firefights reported along the frontier during October 10–12, 2025 crystallize a multi-year evolution in cross-border coercion, airspace contestation, and border-regime instrumentalization that has bound tactical military moves to legal signaling and humanitarian leverage. An officially published … Leggi tutto Afghanistan’s Retaliatory Strike: Strategic Motives, Operational Claims and Regional Consequences