ABSTRACT The persistent volatility of Libya‘s political landscape, compounded by entrenched networks of organized crime, continues to position the country as the primary conduit for irregular migration across the Central Mediterranean route, with profound implications for Italy‘s border security and the broader European Union‘s migration governance framework. This analysis addresses the core question of how … Leggi tutto Hybrid Migration Systems and Libya-Italy Ties: Geopolitical Resilience of Human Smuggling in 2024-2025