ABSTRACT Industrial and public-interest Internet of Things (IoT) deployments in Italy and across the European Union (EU) operate within a mixed regime that combines licensed spectrum, governed by harmonisation measures for mobile broadband, and licence-exempt bands designated for Short-Range Devices (SRD); the national implementation is anchored in the Piano Nazionale di Ripartizione delle Frequenze (PNRF) … Leggi tutto Italy and the European Spectrum Puzzle for IoT: Regulatory Fragmentation, Provisional Assignments and Risk Management in 2025