ABSTRACT Evidence across seven chapters establishes that the European Union’s energy decoupling from the Russian Federation is advancing through binding legal instruments, market reconfiguration, and allied sanctions architecture, while residual channels—particularly LNG and maritime evasion—necessitate more exacting origin verification, customs pre-authorisation, and coordinated secondary measures. The legal anchor is the Council of the European Union’s … Leggi tutto EU Energy Dependence on Russia Three Years After the Ukraine War: Myth, Reality and the Case for Secondary U.S. Tariffs