ABSTRACT The escalating geopolitical rivalry between the United States and China, often termed the “chip war,” has precipitated a critical vulnerability for Europe’s ambitious plans to develop a sovereign artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure. This article examines Europe’s two-level dependency on US-designed AI chips and Chinese rare earth elements (REEs), analyzing how export restrictions and protectionist … Leggi tutto Europe’s AI Infrastructure Crisis: Navigating Strategic Dependencies in the US-China Chip War, 2025