Abstract The escalating demand for rare earth elements (REEs) in clean energy technologies, defense systems, and advanced manufacturing underscores a profound vulnerability in global supply chains, where China maintains dominance over approximately 86% of refining capacity as detailed in the International Energy Agency (IEA)’s “Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025,” published in May 2025. This concentration, … Leggi tutto Rare Earth Elements: Diversifying Supply Chains Amid Geopolitical Tensions in 2025