Abstract The escalation of direct military confrontation between Israel and Iran in 2025, marked by Israeli preventive strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities beginning in June 2025 and extending through subsequent exchanges, has profoundly altered perceptions of nuclear latency as a deterrent strategy in the Middle East. Purpose of this analysis lies in examining how these … Leggi tutto Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Hedging in a Post-2025 Middle East Conflict Environment: Deterrence Lessons, Safeguards Evolution and Implications for Regional Non-Proliferation