Abstract China pursues technological sovereignty in artificial intelligence through aggressive import substitution of advanced semiconductors, accepting substantial economic and energy penalties to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers amid escalating export controls imposed by the United States. The International Energy Agency (IEA) in its World Energy Outlook 2025, published in November 2025, highlights accelerating electricity demand … Leggi tutto China’s High-Cost Wager on Domestic AI Infrastructure: Subsidizing Energy-Intensive Autonomy Amid Global Technological Rivalry in 2025