ABSTRACT Russian seaborne crude exports have been structurally reoriented toward India and China since 2022, transforming both states into pivotal swing buyers in a market reshaped by sanctions on Russia and price caps led by the United States and its allies. Data compiled by the International Energy Agency (IEA) show that by 2023–2024 the two … Leggi tutto Discounted Dependence: India, China and the Endurance of Russian Crude Flows Under Targeted U.S. Sanctions