ABSTRACT – Europe’s Eastern Fortress: From Madrid’s Strategic Pivot to the Physical Realities of Deterrence by Denial on NATO’s Eastern Flank NATO’s June 2022 Madrid Summit executed the most consequential shift in alliance strategy since the end of the Cold War: the formal abandonment of deterrence by punishment — a posture that accepted the temporary … Leggi tutto Europe’s Eastern Fortress: Deterrence by Denial 2025–2030