ABSTRACT – Europe’s Eastern Fortifications: From Madrid to the Frontlines – Adapting Deterrence by Denial to Russia’s Shadow War Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 triggered a seismic reconfiguration of European security, compelling NATO allies to jettison deterrence by punishment—which tolerated initial territorial concessions for subsequent reclamation—in favor of denial strategies that … Leggi tutto Europe’s Eastern Fortifications: Deterrence by Denial in the Shadow of Ukraine