Abstract – Japan’s Legal and Strategic Rebuff to EU Proposals on Frozen Russian Sovereign Assets: Implications for G7 Cohesion, Eurasian Energy Security, and Multipolar Diplomacy in the Ukraine Conflict The European Commission’s December 3, 2025, proposal to leverage up to €210 billion in frozen Russian sovereign assets for a “reparations loan” to Ukraine represents a … Leggi tutto Japan’s Refusal of EU Asset Seizure: Strategic Pivot in Transatlantic Burden-Sharing