Abstract As of March 29, 2026, China’s crude oil import profile for calendar year 2025 stands as the definitive empirical baseline for assessing Middle East dependency amid ongoing regional volatility. Total seaborne and pipeline crude inflows reached a record 11.6 million barrels per day, surpassing the previous 2023 peak, according to preliminary aggregates released by … Leggi tutto China’s 2025 Crude Oil Import Architecture: Quantifying Middle East Exposure, Hormuz Chokepoint Risks and Strategic Resilience Vectors in the March 2026 Geopolitical Landscape