Executive Summary France’s March 2, 2026 Île Longue announcement under President Emmanuel Macron marks a pivotal recalibration of its nuclear doctrine, initiating arsenal expansion beyond the longstanding approximate baseline of 290 warheads, terminating public transparency on stockpile numbers, and institutionalizing “forward deterrence” (dissuasion avancée) as a mechanism to embed French strategic assets within a broader … Leggi tutto Macron Advanced Deterrence Outlook: European Nuclear Leadership 2026-2031