Adopted scope: Assessing the tripartite strategic alignment among Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan under the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement, prospective Egyptian accession dynamics, and the broader institutional implications for regional security architectures. Executive Summary The Mecca Joint Defence Agreement establishes an asymmetric trilateral security architecture in which member states possess non-substitutable, highly complementary military-industrial assets—Saudi … Leggi tutto Structural Dilemmas of Trilateral Collective Defense: Strategic Hedging, Industrial Integration and Authority Deficits in the Mecca Agreement