Scope: This assessment examines renewed Israeli–Iranian confrontation, the European countries most likely to become further involved, and the consequences for Israel, distinguishing the immediate outlook through early 2027 from structural risks through October 2031. Executive Summary / BLUF Europe’s involvement is already established through maritime security, sanctions, regional defence and diplomacy; the decisive question is … Leggi tutto Israel–Iran Escalation: Europe’s Exposure and Israel’s Strategic Choices