India’s naval modernization efforts, driven by the strategic imperatives of the Indo-Pacific region, have gained momentum through a combination of foreign leasing arrangements and domestic development programs. The Indian Navy’s current fleet, as reported by the Nuclear Threat Initiative in March 2025, comprises 17 diesel-electric submarines and one nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, INS Arihant, with … Leggi tutto Strategic Implications of India’s Naval Modernization: The Role of Russian-Leased Akula-Class Submarines and Indigenous SSN Development in Shaping Indo-Pacific Security Dynamics