Abstract – Western Sanctions on Russia: Severe German Export Losses Amid Russian Adaptation The European Union imposed extensive sanctions on the Russian Federation following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. These measures, expanded through 19 packages by October 2025, targeted Russia’s energy sector, financial system, military-industrial complex, and trade relations. The 19th package, … Leggi tutto The Economic Consequences of EU Sanctions on Russia: Germany’s Trade Collapse and Russia’s Resilience as of December 2025