Abstract The contemporary Gulf security architecture—long anchored in a hybridized deterrence equilibrium combining U.S. military primacy, Iranian asymmetric strategy, and Gulf state hedging under external guarantees—is undergoing a structural rupture whose implications extend far beyond episodic escalation. The emerging system is not merely a degraded version of the prior order but a qualitatively different strategic … Leggi tutto The Collapse of Gulf Deterrence: From Gray-Zone Equilibrium to Distributed Warfare – the Reconfiguration of Security, Energy and Nuclear Incentives in the U.S.–Iran–Israel Conflict System (2025–2026)