Executive Summary The Makkah Pact: Three Powers, No Common Enemy Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan signed a collective-defence agreement in Makkah on 7 August. Its formula is deliberately forceful: an armed attack against one will be considered an attack against all. Yet the treaty’s operational provisions remain unpublished, while the signatories face different enemies, retain … Leggi tutto Makkah Pact: Collective Defence Without a Doctrine