Scope: This assessment examines the 7 August 2026 Makkah Joint Defence Agreement among Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Türkiye, the renewed Yemen–Saudi escalation through 19 September 2026, and the political, military and diplomatic constraints shaping whether collective defence evolves into active Pakistani or Turkish participation in the conflict. Executive Summary / BLUF The first major crisis … Leggi tutto Makkah Pact Under Fire: Pakistan’s Yemen Test and the Politics of Collective Defence