Scope: This assessment examines Saudi, Emirati and Iraqi alternatives to the Strait of Hormuz, their downstream maritime and overland dependencies, and the implications for European energy security, distinguishing the immediate crisis from infrastructure options extending to October 2031. Executive Summary / BLUF The principal strategic judgment is that bypass pipelines reduce exposure to Hormuz without … Leggi tutto Hormuz Bypasses: Oil Routes That Relocate the Chokepoint