The spleen is the largest organ in the lymphatic system.
It is an important organ for keeping bodily fluids balanced, but it is possible to live without it.
The spleen is located under the ribcage and above the stomach in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.
A spleen is soft and generally looks purple.
It is made up of two different types of tissue. The red pulp tissue filters the blood and gets rid of old or damaged red blood cells.
The white pulp tissue consists of immune cells (T cells and B cells) and helps the immune system fight infection.
Size
According to Medical News Today, a helpful tip to remember the size of the spleen is the 1x3x5x7x9x11 rule:
- An adult spleen measures around 1 inch by 3 inches by 5 inches.
- It weighs around 7 oz.
- It is located between the 9th and 11th ribs.
Function
“The spleen . . . acts as a blood filter; it controls the amount of red blood cells and blood storage in the body, and helps to fight infection,” said Jordan Knowlton, an advanced registered nurse practitioner at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital.
If the spleen detects potentially dangerous bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms in the blood, it — along with the lymph nodes — creates white blood cells called lymphocytes, which act as defenders against invaders, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
The lymphocytes produce antibodies to kill the foreign microorganisms and stop infections from spreading.
According to the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, when blood flows into the spleen, red blood cells must pass through narrow passages within the organ.
Healthy blood cells can easily pass, but old or damaged red blood cells are broken down by large white blood cells.
The spleen will save any useful components from the old blood cells, including iron, so they can be reused in new cells.
The spleen can increase in size in order to store blood. The organ can widen or narrow, depending on the body’s needs. At its largest, the spleen can hold up to a cup of reserve blood.
Spleen Conditions
- Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): An enlarged spleen, usually caused by viral mononucleosis (“mono”), liver disease, blood cancers (lymphoma and leukemia), or other conditions.
- Ruptured spleen: The spleen is vulnerable to injury, and a ruptured spleen can cause serious life-threatening internal bleeding and is a life-threatening emergency. An injured spleen may rupture immediately after an injury, or in some cases, days or weeks after an injury.
- Sickle cell disease: In this inherited form of anemia, abnormal red blood cells block the flow of blood through vessels and can lead to organ damage, including damage to the spleen. People with sickle cell disease need immunizations to prevent illnesses their spleen helped fight.
- Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count): An enlarged spleen sometimes stores excessive numbers of the body’s platelets. Splenomegaly can result in abnormally few platelets circulating in the bloodstream where they belong.
- Accessory spleen: About 10% of people have a small extra spleen. This causes no problems and is considered normal.
Spleen Tests
- Physical examination: By pressing on the belly under the left ribcage, a doctor can feel an enlarged spleen. He or she can also look for other signs of illnesses that cause splenomegaly.
- Computed tomography (CT scan): A CT scanner takes multiple X-rays, and a computer creates detailed images of the abdomen. Contrast dye may be injected into your veins to improve the images.
- Ultrasound: A probe is placed on the belly, and harmless sound waves create images by reflecting off the spleen and other organs. Splenomegaly can be detected by ultrasound.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Magnetic waves create highly detailed images of the abdomen. By using contrast dye, blood flow to the spleen can also be measured with MRI.
- Bone marrow biopsy: A needle is inserted into a large bone (such as the pelvis) and a sample of bone marrow is taken out. Leukemia or lymphoma, which cause splenomegaly, are sometimes diagnosed by bone marrow biopsy.
- Liver and spleen scan: A small amount of radioactive dye is injected into the arm. The dye moves throughout the body and is collected in both of these organs.
Spleen problems
Some problems associated with the spleen are:
Lacerated spleen or ruptured spleen
According to Knowlton, spleen lacerations or ruptures “usually occur from trauma (like a car accident or contact sports).” These emergency situations cause a break in the spleen’s surface and can lead to “severe internal bleeding and signs of shock (fast heart rate, dizziness, pale skin, fatigue),” said Knowlton.
The Mayo Clinic reported that without emergency care, the internal bleeding could become life-threatening.
On the continuum of spleen breakage, a laceration refers to a lower-grade extent of injury, in which just a part of the spleen is damaged.
A ruptured spleen is the highest grade of broken spleen injury, according to HealthTap, an online network of doctors who answer health questions.
According to Medical News Today, symptoms of a lacerated or ruptured spleen include pain or tenderness to the touch in the upper left part of the abdomen, left shoulder and left chest wall, as well as confusion and lightheadedness.
If you experience any of the symptoms after a trauma, seek emergency medical attention immediately.
Treatment options depend on the condition of the injury, according to the Mayo Clinic. Lower-grade lacerations may be able to heal without surgery, though they will probably require hospital stays while doctors observe your condition.
Higher-grade lacerations or ruptures may require surgery to repair the spleen, surgery to remove part of the spleen, or surgery to remove the spleen completely.
Humans can live without their spleen, but those without one may be more susceptible to infection. More on that, below.
Enlarged spleen
An enlarged spleen, also called a splenomegaly, is a serious but typically treatable condition.
“An enlarged spleen puts one at risk for rupture,” said Knowlton.
According to the Mayo Clinic, anyone can get an enlarged spleen, but children suffering from mononucleosis, adults with certain inherited metabolic disorders including Gaucher’s and Neimann-Pick disease, and people who live or travel to malaria-endemic areas are more at risk.
Knowlton listed infection, liver diseases, cancer, and blood diseases as typical causes for enlarged spleens. According to the Mayo Clinic, specific infections and diseases include:
- viral infections, such as mononucleosis
- bacterial infections
- parasitic infections, such as malaria
- metabolic disorders
- hemolytic anemia
- liver diseases, such as cirrhosis
- blood cancers and lymphomas, such as Hodgkin’s disease
- pressure on or blood clots in the veins of the liver or spleen
In many cases, there are no symptoms associated with an enlarged spleen, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Doctors typically discover the condition during routine physicals because they can feel enlarged spleens. When there are symptoms, they might include:
- pain in the upper left abdomen that may spread to the shoulder
- fatigue
- anemia
- bleeding easily
- feeling full without eating
Typically, enlarged spleens are treated by addressing the underlying problem, according to the Mayo Clinic. If the cause of the enlarged spleen can’t be determined or if the condition is causing serious complications such as a ruptured spleen, doctors may suggest removing the spleen.
Spleen cancer
Cancers that originate in the spleen are relatively rare. When they do occur, they are almost always lymphomas, blood cancers that occur in the lymphatic system.
Usually lymphomas start in other areas and invade the spleen. According to the National Cancer Institute, adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma can have a spleen stage. This type of spleen invasion can also happen with leukemia, blood cancer that originates in bone marrow. Rarely, other types of cancers — like lung or stomach cancers — will invade the spleen.
Spleen cancer symptoms may resemble a cold or there may be pain or fullness in the upper abdomen. An enlarged spleen can also be the result of spleen cancer.
Treatment for spleen cancer will depend on the type of cancer and how much it has spread. The National Cancer Institute lists spleen removal as a possible treatment.
Spleen removal
Spleen removal surgery is called a splenectomy. Knowlton said that the procedure is done in cases such as:
“trauma, blood disorders (idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), thalassemia, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia), cancer (lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, leukemia), and hypersplenism to name a few.”
Spleen removal is typically a minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery, according to the Cleveland Clinic, meaning that surgeons make several small incisions and use special surgical tools and a small camera to conduct the surgery. In certain cases, a surgeon may opt for one large incision, instead.
“You can live without a spleen because other organs, such as the liver and lymph nodes, can take over the duties of the spleen,” said Knowlton.
Nevertheless, removing the spleen can have serious consequences.
“You will be more at risk to develop infections,” said Knowlton. Often, doctors recommend getting vaccines, including a pneumococcus vaccine, Haemophilus B vaccine, Meningococcal vaccine, and yearly flu vaccine after a splenectomy, according to University of Michican Hospitals and Health Centers.
It is important to see a doctor at the first sign of infection if you do not have a spleen.
