In 2014 started the reasearch of MagnetoSperm – it’s a tiny, swimming robot inspired by sperm cells.
Ick factor vies with cool factor in this bioinspired bot’s story.
“Sperm was chosen because of its streamlined shape,” lead researcher Sarthak Misra, a roboticist at the University of Twente in the Netherlands, said of the team’s inspiration.
“And we found it is also quite efficient in terms of traveling distances in environments that (have) varying fluid flow…. Sperm cells are adept to that and can move really well.”
The microrobots measure just 322 micrometers long, 5.2 micrometers wide and 42 micrometers thick, and their heads are coated with a 200-nanometer nickel-cobalt layer that allows them to respond to a magnetic field.
Schematic illustration of the fabrication of MagnetoSperm. Credit: Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 223701 (2014); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4880035
Microrobots are often limited to larger-than-ideal sizes because they need to have their power and navigation systems attached, which can get bulky, said Misra, who spoke from Hong Kong while attending the International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Misra’s team solved this by using four electromagnetic coils to generate an oscillating field that was as weak as a refrigerator magnet but strong enough to get the tailed robots to waggle and swim.
Size, of course, matters: At 322 micrometers long, these spermbots are still roughly six times the size of their biological peers (in humans, anyway). Further miniaturizing these mechanical swimmers which the researchers hope to do by developing magnetic nanofibers to replace the spermbot’s current tail could potentially make such microbots useful for a variety of applications in the body, including cleaning out clogged arteries and helping conventionally invasive surgeries become scar- and trauma- free.
More information: MagnetoSperm: A microrobot that navigates using weak magnetic fields, Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 223701 (2014); dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4880035
The new research :
Scientists in the United Kingdom have turned to the humble human sperm in their quest to design the ultimate swimming robot.
Made of a tiny magnetic head and squiggly elastic tail, the flea-size drones look and swim much like their spermy counterparts, with a few big differences:
These swimmers are guided by shifting electromagnetic currents, controlled externally by scientists. Oh, and also: They won’t get you pregnant.
According to Feodor Ogrin, a lecturer at the University of Exeter in England and co-author of a new study published Sept. 4 describing the swimmers in the journal Physics of Fluids, robo-sperm like these could provide a cheap, efficient template for drug-delivery systems in human patients.
“The swimmers could one day be used to direct drugs to the right areas of the body by swimming through blood vessels,” Ogrin said in a statement.
“Developing this technology could radically change the way we do medicine.”
The idea of designing sperm-inspired robot swimmers has been tested in several previous studies, but Ogrin and colleagues believe they’ve hit on an inexpensive design (the tails can be made with simple, 3D-printed molds) and the perfect head-to-tail ratio.
In their new study, the team of Exeter scientists built several swimmer prototypes with tails ranging from 0.04 inches to 0.5 inches (1 to 12 millimeters) long.
The team set these swimmers loose in fluids of varying viscosities, then coaxed them forward with electromagnetic currents of varying intensities.
Just as a sperm cell whips and undulates its tail (or “flagellum”) to propel itself forward, these magnetic swimmers followed the path of the current with tails whipping behind them.
Ultimately, the researchers found that swimmers with 0.15-inch-long (4 mm) tails moved quickest and with the best control.
With the perfect sperm-tail-dynamics settled, the team tested a second hypothesis:
If these sperm-like swimmers were fixed in place in a narrow channel (like an artery, for example), could they use their tail motion to pump fluids forward through that channel?
To find out, the researchers attached a swimmer to a post at one end of a small, rectangular trough inside a petri dish, then filled it with fluid.
Sure enough, when the team turned on an electromagnetic current to stimulate the swimmer, the little drone’s tail movements were powerful enough to pump fluid continuously through the trough. (You can see this part of the experiment in action in a video taken in the lab.)
That’s great news for tiny, sperm-inspired robot enthusiasts everywhere.
The next step, the researchers wrote, will be going even smaller.
While a 0.15-inch-long (4 mm) robot could swim comfortably through an adult’s aorta (a blood vessel with a diameter of about 1 inch, or 25 mm), according to “The Oxford Companion to The Body,” many human capillaries are only about 8 micrometers wide — about 3,000 times smaller than the aorta and 500 times smaller than the current swimming spermbots.
With an average length of 50 micrometers, it seems the humble human sperm cell still has a lot to teach us.
