Treating cancer more selectively and more effectively – this could be achieved with an innovative technology developed by teams of researchers at the Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU).
The process transforms proteins and antibodies into stable, highly functional drug transporters, with which tumor cells can be detected and killed.
Classic chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer is based on toxic substances that are particularly effective for rapidly dividing cells.
However, since healthy tissue also depends on cell division, treatment with chemotherapeutic substances is often accompanied by severe side effects.
A dose sufficient to completely remove the tumor, would in many cases be too toxic to administer to a diseased person.
With more modern approaches, it is now possible to transport active agents (drugs) in the body selectively to the site of action, for example by linking a drug with an antibody that can differentiate cancer cells from healthy tissue through changes on the surface of the cell. Five such Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are already on the market.
However, these ADCs lose a large part of their “toxic cargo” en route to the cancer cell.
The substances (drugs) are released into the bloodstream and dangerous side effects can occur. A stable link between drug and antibody would therefore be highly desirable.
This is precisely what the researchers—a team led by Professor Christian Hackenberger from the FMP and Professor Heinrich Leonhardt from the LMU Biocenter—focused on.
Their results have been published in the prestigious journal Angewandte Chemie: In two consecutive articles, the development of methods and the application of these methods to selective drug transport are presented.
The new drug transporters enable lower doses and less severe side effects
“We have developed an innovative technology that makes it possible to link native proteins and antibodies to complex molecules, such as fluorescent dyes or drugs more easily and with better stability than ever before,” reports Marc-André Kasper, a researcher in Christian Hackenberger’s group.
The researchers discovered the outstanding properties of unsaturated phosphorus (V) compounds and took advantage of those.
These phosphonamidates connect a desired modification – for example, a cancer-fighting agent – exclusively to the amino acid cysteine, in a protein or antibody.
Since cysteine is a very rare natural occurring amino acid, the number of modifications per protein can be controlled quite effectively, which is essential for the construction of drug conjugates.
In addition, phosphonamidates can easily be incorporated into complex chemical compounds. “The greatest achievement of the new method, however, is that the resulting bond is also stable during blood circulation,” says Marc-André Kasper.
The ADCs that are on the market cannot achieve this.
To test the applicability on targeted drug delivery, the researchers compared their technology directly with the FDA-approved ADC, Adcetris.
The medication was re-created as precisely as possible with the same antibody and active agent, the only difference was that the innovative phosphonamidate linkage was used.
When applied to blood serum, the researchers observed that their modified ADC lost significantly less active ingredient over a period of days.
They also used the new technology in experiments with mice to combat Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
The preparation proved to be more effective than the conventional medication. “From our results, we conclude that phosphonamidate-linked drug transporters can be administered in lower doses, and that side effects can be further reduced.
Thus the technology has great potential to replace current methods in order to develop more effective and safer ADCs in the future,” says FMP group leader Christian Hackenberger.
In the next step, the research groups will continue their efforts in the development of ADCs based on phosphonamidates. Preclinical studies, which are essential for the treatment of patients, are already underway.
In this regard, the promising start-up company Tubulis, which was awarded the Leibniz Start-Up Prize last year, functions as a platform for the further development to market maturity.
In recent years, the number of targeted cancer drugs has continued to rise. However, conventional chemotherapeutic agents still play an important role in cancer treatment. These include platinum-based cytotoxic agents that attack and kill cancer cells.
But these agents also damage healthy tissue and cause severe side effects. Researchers at ETH Zurich have now identified an approach that allows for a more selective cancer treatment with drugs of this kind.
Platinum can be cytotoxic when oxidised to platinum(II) and occurs in this form in conventional platinum-based chemotherapeutics. Non-oxidised platinum(0), however, is far less toxic to cells. Based on this knowledge, a team led by Helma Wennemers, Professor at the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, and Michal Shoshan, a postdoc in her group, looked for a way to introduce platinum(0) into the target cells, and only then for it to be oxidised to platinum(II). To this end, they used non-oxidised platinum nanoparticles, which first had to be stabilized with a peptide. They screened a library containing thousands of peptides to identify a peptide suitable for producing platinum nanoparticles (2.5 nanometres in diameter) that are stable for years.
Oxidised inside the cell
Tests with cancer cell cultures revealed that the platinum(0) nanoparticles penetrate into cells. Once inside the specific environment of liver cancer cells, they become oxidised, triggering the cytotoxic effect of platinum(II).
Studies with ten different types of human cells also showed that the toxicity of the peptide-coated nanoparticles was highly selective to liver cancer cells.
They have the same toxic effect as Sorafenib, the most common drug used to treat primary liver tumours today. However, the nanoparticles are more selective than Sorafenib and significantly more so than the well-known chemotherapeutic Cisplatin. It is therefore conceivable that the nanoparticles will have fewer side effects than conventional medication.
Joining forces with ETH Professor Detlef Günther and his research group, Wennemers and her team were able to determine the platinum content inside the cells and their nuclei using special mass spectrometry.
They concluded that the platinum content in the nuclei of liver cancer cells was significantly higher than, for instance, in colorectal cancer cells. The authors believe that the platinum(II) ions — produced by oxidation of the platinum nanoparticles in the liver cancer cells — enter the nucleus, and there release their toxicity.
“We are still a very long and uncertain way away from a new drug, but the research introduced a new approach to improve the selectivity of drugs for certain types of cancer — by using a selective activation process specific to a given cell type,” Wennemers says. Future research will expand the chemical properties of the nanoparticles to allow for greater control over their biological effects.
More information: Marc-André Kasper et al, Ethynylphosphonamidates for the Rapid and Cysteine-Selective Generation of Efficacious Antibody-Drug Conjugates, Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2019). DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904193
Journal information: Angewandte Chemie , Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Provided by Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FVB)
