A study has shown that the amount of porn a man watches is linked to worse erectile function.
Watching porn is also associated with greater dissatisfaction with “normal” sex, with only 65% of respondents rating sex with a partner to be more stimulating than porn. This work is presented at the EAU virtual Congress.
Pornography has been increasingly available via the internet since around 2007. This has led to a rapid uptake in use, but there is little information on how increasing porn use might affect erectile function.
Researchers from Belgium, Denmark and the U.K. established an online questionnaire, which was advertised mainly to men in Belgium and Denmark through social media, posters and flyers. 3,267 men replied to the 118 questions, answering questions about masturbation, frequency of porn watching, and sexual activity with partners.
The questionnaire concentrated on men who had had sex within the previous four weeks, which allowed the team to relate the effect of porn watching on sexual activity.
The questionnaire incorporated questions from standard erectile function and sexual health surveys.
Head researcher Professor Gunter de Win of the University of Antwerp and University Hospital Antwerp said, “We found that there was a big range of responses.
In our sample, men watch quite a lot of porn, on average around 70 minutes per week, normally for between five and 15 minutes per time, with obviously some watching very little and some watching much, much more.”
They also found that around 23% of men under 35 who responded to the survey had some level of erectile dysfunction when having sex with a partner. Professor de Win said, “This figure was higher than we expected.
We found that there was a highly significant relationship between time spent watching porn and increasing difficulty with erectile function with a partner, as indicated by the erectile function and sexual health scores.
People who watch more porn also scored high on porn addiction scales. We need to understand what this work means and doesn’t mean. It is a questionnaire rather than a clinical trial, and it could be that the people who have responded are not completely representative of the whole male population.
However, the work was designed to unpick any relationship between porn and erectile dysfunction, and given the large sample size, we can be pretty confident about the findings.”
He continued, “We found that 90% of men fast-forward to watch the most arousing pornographic scenes. There’s no doubt that porn conditions the way we view sex; in our survey, only 65% of men felt that sex with a partner was more exciting than watching porn.
In addition, 20% felt that they needed to watch more extreme porn to get the same level of arousal as previously. We believe that the erectile dysfunction problems associated with porn stem from this lack of arousal.
Our next step in this research to identify which factors lead to erectile dysfunction, and to conduct a similar study on the effects of porn on women. In the meantime, we believe that doctors dealing with erectile dysfunction should also be asking about watching pornography.”
Professor Maarten Albersen of the University of Leuven, Belgium, who was not involved in conducting the study, said, “This is an interesting study by Prof. De Win and colleagues. The sample consisted mainly of younger men recruited via social media and posters, which may result in a sample biased toward higher online porn consumption rates.
All-in-all, the study raises interesting insights, in the fact that porn consumption by men may lead to impaired erectile function and/or sexual satisfaction or confidence during partner-sex.
As Professor De Win says, the running hypothesis is that the type of porn watched may come more explicit over time, and partner sex may not lead to the same level of arousal as the pornographic material does.
The study contributes to an ongoing debate on the topic; experts have highlighted that porn may have both positive and negative effects, and could, for example, be used as an aid in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions, so this is a controversial area and the last words have not been said on this topic.”
The existing literature provides a number of varying descriptions of the term pornography. According to the Final Report of the Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography, it can be defined as any material that is predominantly sexually explicit and intended primarily for the purpose of sexual arousal [1].
Currently, pornography represents an important economic venture [2,3]. Its greatest development has occurred along with the emergence of computer technologies and the expansion of the Internet [4,5].
Due to a high sense of anonymity and almost unrestricted access, the Internet has become the most important medium of dissemination of pornographic content (known as online pornography), particularly in the form of images and videos [6,7].
The ease, arousal strength, and diversity with which pornography can be reached online indicates that it may operate as a supernormal stimulus [8].
According to various epidemiological studies, a relatively large number of adults have been exposed to pornography [9,10,11,12]. Recent representative surveys demonstrate that in developed countries with unrestricted Internet access, such as the United States and Australia, the majority of men (64–70%) and approx. one quarter/third (23–33%) of women are using pornography [13,14].
However, the number of pornography users is also relatively high in developing countries—recent surveys have shown that over half of students in Ethiopia and Bangladesh have been exposed to it [11,15].
The extensive use of pornography is also supported by data provided by Pornhub, one of the largest online pornographic websites, which clearly indicate that it is primarily men that are associated with content of this type (74%), and that the number of visitors to pornographic sites is growing from year to year (Figure 1).
Some men deal with pornography on a regular, daily basis [16]. At the same time, the percentage of women interested in using this type of content is growing [17]. The Pornhub service is usually visited by young people under the age 34 from the United States, the United Kingdom and India.
An emerging and as yet not fully assessed issue is the unintentional contact from advertising or spam e-mail messages both of which may sometimes be difficult to avoid [18].

Although interest in pornographic content can be partially considered as a natural element in the development of sexual experience in young people, the multiplicity and diversity of available online pornographic materials as well as the difficulty of restricting access to them lead to a question on the potential effects of pornography consumption.
There is a steady increase in number of studies addressing the prevalence, patterns, outcomes, and various other aspects related to pornography use as clearly indicated by a systematic search of English language papers indexed in the PubMed/Medline database—a key term “pornography” yields 142 papers published in the period 1980–1989, 238 papers in 1990–1999, 524 papers in 2000–2009, and as many as 949 papers in 2010–2018.
However, despite a continuous interest in the study of various aspects of pornography use, there are number of unresolved issues regarding the nature and magnitude of these effects.
For example, some investigations demonstrate that pornography may fit into the addiction framework via mechanisms similar to chemical compounds [19,20] although controversies in this regard exist [21,22,23,24].
An addiction to pornography is not recognized in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 classifications (although the latter specifies a diagnostic category of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder under impulse control disorders that may be used to diagnose problematic pornography use), various studies refer to it rather as “self-perceived pornography addiction” [12,16,25,26,27], and some alternative models based on moral incongruence, compulsivity, or impulsivity were also proposed to describe problematic pornography use [21,28,29].
Whether pornography may be associated with changes in sexual function is also a subject open to wide discussion.
However, there are number of recognized risk factors for sexual dysfunction encompassing medical conditions, substance abuse, medication use, as well as cultural and social factors [30] which are difficult to address in studies focusing solely on pornography use.
In the general population, the most frequently identified sexual dysfunctions include premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction in men and desire and arousal dysfunction in women [31], and a number of studies have aimed to evaluate the potential associations between the occurrence of these effects and pornography use.
At the same time, the potential effects of pornography use are the subject of a number of nonacademic discussions, and some publicly expressed opinions in this regard appear to be politically and ideologically driven.
All in all, this creates a need to critically assess the existing evidence, outline study limitations and shortcomings, and highlight the future research prospects in the field of pornography use and its associations with sexual function.
The aim of this paper was to review the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies as well as case reports on potential associations between the use of pornography and sexual dysfunctions, namely erectile dysfunction, delayed ejaculation, and decrease in sexual desire and sexual satisfaction.
These conditions are among the most often identified sexual dysfunctions in men and women [30,31,32]. Both quantitative (addressing the frequency of use) and qualitative (addressing the patterns of use) research was taken into account as these two approaches complement each other in understanding the complex nature of factors associated with pornography [33,34].
For this purpose, a systematic search for original research published since 2000 in peer-reviewed journals was performed using the PubMed/Medline and Scopus database, and by hand-searching reference lists from identified papers. The limitations of the conducted studies and future research prospects are also outlined.
Delayed Ejaculation
Delayed ejaculation describes a sexual dysfunction occurring in men, manifested by prolonged time required to ejaculate or complete inability to achieve it. Due to the complexity of psychosexual and psychosocial factors that contribute to its pathogenesis, there are no universal methods of treatment [35].
Its potential causes include, among many, frequent masturbation and the occurrence of significant discrepancies between real sexual intercourse with a partner and sexual fantasy preferred during masturbation [35,36].
Both masturbation and sexual fantasy are often associated with pornography use thus its potential relationship with the onset of delayed ejaculation is hypothetically plausible. A systematic search with key terms “pornography and ejaculation” and “pornography and delayed ejaculation” identified five original papers, including three cross-sectional studies and two case studies.
The first study to address the potential impact of pornography use on ejaculatory dysfunction was conducted on a group of 115 hypersexual, predominantly heterosexual men (mean age 41 years, range 19–76 years) [37].
As reported, a relatively significant percentage of subjects (23.5%; n = 27) masturbated chronically (at least 1 h/day or >7 h/week), usually while viewing pornography. In comparison with other subjects, this particular group was characterized by a higher anxiety level and was less likely to establish partner relationships or to persevere in them, even if they were established.
These subjects frequently (19/27; 71%) reported some sexual dysfunctions with delayed ejaculation being reported the most often (in over 30% of cases). There are, however, a number of limitations to this study in the context of understanding the potential role of pornography in the occurrence of delayed ejaculation:
(1) it only included hypersexual male subjects who represent a group that generally often masturbates and views pornography [38], and it remains unknown how these findings may be representative of the general population;
(2) the onset of delayed ejaculation may result exclusively from the frequent masturbation or subjects with delayed ejaculation may tend to masturbate more often—in both cases, pornography use may remain unrelated;
(3) it was unestablished whether the pornography use in hypersexual subjects facing delayed ejaculation preceded problems with this sexual dysfunction, therefore its role as a causative factor in delayed ejaculation cannot be established.
Two other cross-sectional studies involving young subjects do not support the potential existence of a relationship between pornography use and delayed ejaculation. The first of them surveyed Italian students attending their final year of high school (n = 1492; aged 18–19 years) who frequently admitted to using pornography (78%, including 8% using it on daily basis) and observed that ejaculatory issues were reported in 1% of surveyed, regardless of the frequency of pornography consumption [39].
In the second study, two large-scale samples of heterosexual men (aged 18–40 years) from three European countries, Croatia, Norway, and Portugal (n = 3948), were analyzed and, as demonstrated using multivariate logistic regression, no significant association between delayed ejaculation and pornography was detected [40].
In addition to cross-sectional studies, Park et al. [41] and Blair [36] reported cases in which delayed ejaculation appeared in some way to be related to pornography use. The former report described a case of a 20-year-old man with no chronic or mental disorder who used pornography for a long duration at a high frequency (1–2 times/day), gradually reaching for content that deviated progressively further from the standard.
He also admitted to using an artificial vagina that supposedly allowed him to reach orgasm much faster. He self-reported the difficulty in maintaining an erection and ejaculating during masturbation and sexual intercourse, which contributed to disturbances in partner relations with his fiancée.
As the authors emphasize, despite the fact that the man felt a physical and mental attraction to his partner, he preferred to use a more stimulating erotic toy (artificial vagina).
The authors suggest that excessive pornography use could trigger changes in the nervous pathways responsible for sexual desire and erection, as well as changes in the functioning of the reward system, and subsequently caused delayed ejaculation [41].
These suggestions, however, remain purely speculative as no evidence to justify them was provided. As found, the delayed ejaculation was fully resolved after cessation of online pornography use and the quality of partner relationship was improved. However, the use of the artificial vagina was simultaneously discontinued.
It therefore remains unestablished whether the delayed ejaculation was in any way related to the use of pornography, the artificial vagina, or both.
The case reported by Blair [36] included a 19-year-old male who could not achieve ejaculation during sexual penetration. The man started using pornographic content at the age of 12; a year later, he used it regularly, and at the age of 15 he began to reach for more and more thematic content (depicting the so-called bondage and acts of domination).
Cessation of pornography and advice to avoid masturbation using a firm grip and switch to a more gentle style of penile stimulation were reported to be an effective therapy enabling the subject to achieve orgasm during an intercourse [36].
Therefore, this case also cannot be used as sole evidence for pornography-induced ejaculation impairment as it could just as well result from penile desensitization, a consequence of frequent masturbation.
Some studies have reported that masturbation frequency and style, particularly the so-called “idiosyncratic” pattern that due to speed, pressure, and duration is difficult to be replicated by a partner, may be a predisposition for retarded ejaculation [42,43,44]. Therefore, the extent to which pornography use may contribute to such phenomenon remains unclear.
In summary, there is currently little evidence that an association between pornography use and delayed ejaculation exists and no indication that pornography use can be a cause of this sexual dysfunction. However, the assessment in this regard is only based on cross-sectional studies and case reports. Future research, particularly more extensive cohort studies and case-control observations, is therefore required.
Erectile Dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction is defined as a chronic inability to maintain an erection which prevents the introduction of the penis into the vagina. Its most common causes include age, diabetes, depression, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, selected psychogenic factors (including stress and abuse of psychoactive substances), and using selected pharmaceuticals [45].
Considering that some studies indicated a significant correlation between hypersexuality and problems with erectile function [46], it is plausible that some association in this respect may also exist for pornography use.
A systematic search with key terms “pornography and erectile dysfunction”, “pornography and erectile function”, and “pornography and erection” identified a total of seven papers overall encompassing two case reports [41], six cross-sectional studies [28,39,40,47,48,49] and one longitudinal study [28].
Two interesting cases were presented by Park et al. [41]. In the first, a 40-year-old man with difficulty in maintaining an erection and achieving orgasm was described.
During the period preceding the study he had intensively undertaken masturbation associated with the frequent use of online pornography, which was reported to be associated with an increasing amount of time required to achieve orgasm.
He had also begun to view his wife as becoming gradually less sexually attractive. His physical parameters (including state of genitals) were in good condition. The patient was advised that his dysfunctions could have arisen from increased sexual stimulation, frequent masturbation, and change in the stimulation threshold due to exposure to strong pornographic content.
The man, however, was unable to refrain from masturbation and watching pornography and did not initiate the treatment [41]. Another case described by the same authors concerns a 24-year-old man who was abusing alcohol and antidepressants, and had attempted suicide.
He also reported to using online pornography at a frequency estimated at 5 h daily during the 6 months preceding the treatment. He experienced a weakened sexual interest in his wife, which was manifested by his inability to maintain an erection and preference to watching pornography, during which he experienced no erection problems.
After discontinuing the use of pornography, according to the therapist’s recommendation, his erectile dysfunction disappeared [41]. Both of these cases are complicated with confounding variables and no casual relation between pornography use and erectile dysfunction can be seen.
In the first, it is not possible to separate the potential effects of frequent pornography use and excessive masturbation, although one should note that these two phenomena can often be highly correlated in men [50].
The second case is complicated by psychiatric history (use of antidepressants and suicide attempt) as well as by the reported alcohol abuse which itself is a common cause of sexual dysfunctions such as erectile retardation [51].
As found in a pilot observational study conducted in 2006 on a small group of young adult men (n = 25; mean age 29 years), nearly half of them (n = 12) showed no signs of sexual arousal, including erections while watching an erotic film (penile rigidity < 5%; and 0% in eight subjects) [47].
These observations were initially associated with a potentially high level of exposure to pornographic content, lowering the responsiveness to sexual stimuli associated with the presentation of sex in a more standard edition (vanilla sex).
In the second stage of the study, a larger number of men were recruited (n = 80) and exposed to longer and more diverse erotic films. Nineteen percent of them (n = 15) failed to respond sexually.
It appeared that the risk of sexual dysfunction increased along with the number of pornographic films that had been viewed by the respondents during the previous year [47].
Another study of a larger range was conducted in 2016 on a group of 434 men (mean age 29.5 years, range 18–72). Using the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire, the ability to achieve an erection and orgasm, the degree of sexual desire, satisfaction with sexual intercourse, and general sexual satisfaction were evaluated in 276 subjects who had had sexual intercourse during the last month.
The study concluded that problematic online sexual behavior (defined as compulsive, persistent, uncontrolled use of pornographic content) was a significant predictor of a low level of erection [49].
In turn, the study surveying Italian high school students (n = 1429; age 18–19 years) did not show that erection problems were more frequently admitted by teenagers watching pornography, regardless of the self-reported frequency of its use [39].
A cross-sectional study conducted in two-large scale samples on heterosexual men (aged 18–40 years): the first in 2011 on Croatian, Norwegian, and Portuguese heterosexual men (n = 2727) and the second in 2014 on another sample of Croatian men (n = 1211) identified a positive relationship between pornography use and erectile dysfunction in the first subset of individuals from Croatia although the effect was small and not confirmed in other groups [40].
Another study reported that instead of erectile dysfunction, pornography use in 280 heterosexual men (mean age 23 years) was positively correlated with sexual arousal which was self-reported when watching visual stimuli in the laboratory [48].
Furthermore, subjects indicating higher pornography consumption also reported a greater desire for solo and partnered sexual behaviors. However, this study had a number of limitations: a high number of monogamous individuals (which may be more sexually exploratory, particularly if young), a rather limited frequency of pornography use in the studied group (individuals were divided into three groups using pornography 0, 1–2, and >2 h per week but the maximum frequency remained unreported), and an unknown period of pornography use in the investigated individuals prior to the study.
The most recent study performed by Grubbs and Gola [28] reported a positive association between self-reported erectile dysfunction and self-reported problematic pornography use but not mere pornography use in a cross-sectional sample of 147 undergraduate men (mean age 20 years) in the United States as well as in a sample of 433 men (mean age 33 years) matched to the demographic norms of this country.
The one-year, four-wave longitudinal study that was based on these two samples, completed across all four time points by 117 participants, and with two point-data collected for 278 subjects, also found that baseline pornography use and problematic pornography use was positively associated with prospective erectile dysfunction.
However, latent growth modelling indicated that no baseline variables served as predictors of the trajectory of erectile functioning over time. Although these results support the existence of an association between erectile dysfunction and problematic pornography use, they fail to show a causal relationship.
It is thus plausible that men with erectile dysfunction may tend to use more pornography, including patterns they self-perceive as problematic [28].
As yet, there is little or no evidence on a causal relationship between erectile dysfunction and frequency of pornography use. It cannot be ruled out that subjects with erectile dysfunction may be more prone to using pornography more frequently.
One should note that cross-sectional and longitudinal studies performed so far are solely based on self-reported data introducing a significant limitation. Some research clearly indicates that the prevalence of self-reporting of erectile dysfunction may vary considerably from the prevalence identified by objective methods such as the International Index of Erectile Function to the extent that the former might be unreliable in assessing the real presence of this sexual dysfunction [52].
There is a need for further longitudinal exploration of associations between erectile dysfunction and pornography use that would include individuals of different age and with various baseline pornography use and employ a diverse methodology encompassing physiological measures and partner reports.
Changes in Sexual Desire
From the perspective of biological sciences, the term libido is used to describe sexual desire, a trait controlled by central nervous system associated with the sexual drive and wish to engage in sexual activities [53].
As highlighted, it should not be mistaken for sexual arousal which manifests itself physiologically and may not always be positively correlated with sexual desire [54].
This said, it can be hypothesized whether pornography use increases or decreases libido, and if frequency and duration of pornography consumption may modify such responses.
One can also consider different responses in males and females due to varying sex roles and sexually differentiated neural activity in response to sexual stimuli [55].
To explore it, a systematic search for original studies was performed with the key terms “pornography and libido” and “pornography and sexual desire”.
A total of five papers associated with this subject were identified and included cross-sectional studies [39,40,50,56,57].
Carvalheira, Træen, & Stulhofer [50] analyzed the relationship between masturbation and the use of pornography and sexual desire in a group of European heterosexual men (mean age 40 years, range 21–73) who had reported a problem of reduced sexual desire (n = 596).
As found, more than half of the studied subjects who had experienced a significant decrease in libido within six months before the examination were involved with pornographic materials at least once a week.
The study further found that frequency of masturbation and pornography use are strongly correlated in men with decreased sexual desire.
One should note that the cross-sectional nature of this study does not allow any causation between pornography consumption and decreased libido to be established, and that interpretation of the obtained data is also limited by the lack of a control group constituted by men with no sexual dysfunctions.
Although it is generally an interesting or even counterintuitive observation that men with an impaired libido may watch more pornography and masturbate often, it is important to highlight that men with lower sexual desire (contrary to women with lower libido) tend to increase the frequency of masturbation in a manner unrelated to pornography consumption [58,59]. Considering the high accessibility of online pornography, it is no surprise that men who tend to masturbate often will also constitute a group using it as sexual stimuli.
Cross-sectional observations in Italian students attending the last year of high school (n = 1492, aged 18–19 years) indicated that as many as 78% of them admitted to using pornographic content, with 8% indicating doing so on a daily basis.
A decrease in sexual desire was reported by 10% of pornography users, and appeared to increase with the frequency of consumption: among students exposed at least once a week, it accounted for 16%, while in the case of those exposed less often it was 6%; the nonusers did not report it at all [39].
The findings of Carvalheira, Træen, & Stulhofer [50] and Pizzol, Beroldo, & Foresta [39] were not confirmed in a large study encompassing large-scale samples of heterosexual men (aged 18–40 years) from Croatia, Norway, and Portugal (n = 3948) and applying multivariate logistic regression [40].
In turn, a study on women (n = 754; aged 18 = 76 years) reported that those involved in a long-term relationship that use pornography more frequently may reveal increased sexual desire towards their partners and report a higher desire for sexual variety [56].
This is a relatively important finding indicating the potential difference in patterns of pornography use between men and women, although one should note that the cross-sectional nature of the study does not imply causation.
It remains to be explored whether a pornography-induced increase in libido exists in women or women with higher sexual desire are also more open to watching pornography more frequently.
Moreover, the potential role of sexual partner (in terms of sexual desire and satisfaction) and satisfaction from a relationship may represent important factors for inclusion in multivariate analyses conducted in the future. Interestingly, a recent cross-sectional survey of 240 committed heterosexual couples (mean age of males and females 35 and 33 years, respectively) confirmed the positive correlation of pornography use by women with their sexual desire but also found a similar but weaker relation in men [57].
Neurobiological research indicates that the potentially negative effect of long-term pornography use on sexual desire may result from changes in the responsiveness of the reward system to sexual stimuli, preferentially more active as a result of stimuli associated with pornography than with real sexual intercourse [60,61].
However, observational studies do not provide consistent data to support the hypothesis that use of pornography is a causative factor for a decrease in sexual desire and rather provide a contradictory observation as regards the existence and direction of correlations between pornography use and libido.
These contradictions may potentially arise from the complex nature of sexual desire in both men and women, which is influenced by a number of biological, psychological, relational, sexual and cultural factors [62,63].
Considering that some studies have reported that subjects with higher sexual boredom and lower libido may tend to masturbate more frequently [50], it is important to elucidate the role the pornography use and pornography-associated masturbation may play in fulfilling the need for sexual gratification.
Further cross-sectional studies as well as prospective investigations that control for these factors are greatly required to draw some final conclusions on the relation of pornography use and level of sexual desire.
References
1. McManus M. Final Report of the Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography. Rutledge Hill Press; Nashville, TN, USA: 1986. [Google Scholar]
2. Wilkinson E. The diverse economies of online pornography: From paranoid readings to post-capitalist futures. Sexualities. 2017;20:981–998. doi: 10.1177/1363460716675141. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
3. Cannatelli B.L., Smith B.R., Sydow A. Entrepreneurship in the controversial economy: Toward a research agenda. J. Bus. Ethics. 2019;155:837–851. doi: 10.1007/s10551-017-3482-x. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
4. Paasonen S. The SAGE Handbook of Web History, Niels Brügger, Ian Milligan and Megan Ankerson. Sage Publications; Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: 2018. Online Porn; pp. 551–563. [Google Scholar]
5. D’Orlando F. The demand for pornography. J. Happiness Stud. 2011;12:51–75. doi: 10.1007/s10902-009-9175-0. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
6. Cooper A., Putnam D.E., Planchon L.S., Boies S.C. Online sexual compulsivity: Getting tangled in the net. Sex. Addict. Compulsivity. 1999;6:79–104. doi: 10.1080/10720169908400182. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
7. Boies S.C., Cooper A., Osborne C.S. Variations in internet-related problems and psychosocial functioning in online sexual activities: Implications for social and sexual development of young adults. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 2004;7:207–230. doi: 10.1089/109493104323024474. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
8. Goodwin B.C., Browne M., Rockloff M. Measuring preference for supernormal over natural rewards: A two-dimensional anticipatory pleasure scale. Evolut. Psychol. 2015 doi: 10.1177/1474704915613914. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
9. Habesha T., Aderaw Z., Lakew S. Assessment of exposure to sexually explicit materials and factors associated with exposure among preparatory school youths in Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional institution based survey. Reprod. Health. 2015;12:86. doi: 10.1186/s12978-015-0068-x. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
10. Peter J., Valkenburg P.M. Adolescents and pornography: A review of 20 years of research. J. Sex Res. 2016;53:509–531. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
11. Chowdhury M.R.H.K., Chowdhury M.R.K., Kabir R., Perera N.K.P., Kader M. Does the addiction in online pornography affect the behavioral pattern of undergrad private university students in Bangladesh? Int. J. Health Sci. 2018;12:67–74. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Dwulit A.D., Rzymski P. Prevalence, Patterns and Self-Perceived Effects of Pornography Consumption in Polish University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019;16:1861. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16101861. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
13. Rissel C., Richters J., De Visser R.O., Mckee A., Yeung A., Rissel C., Caruana T. A profile of pornography users in Australia: Findings from the second Australian study of health and relationships. J. Sex Res. 2016;54:227–240. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1191597. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
14. Grubbs J.B., Kraus S.W., Perry S.L. Self-reported addiction to pornography in a nationally representative sample: The roles of use habits, religiousness, and moral incongruence. J. Behav. Addict. 2018;8:88–93. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.134. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
15. Abrha K., Worku A., Lerebo W., Berhane Y. Sexting and high sexual risk-taking behaviours among school youth in northern Ethiopia: Estimating using prevalence ratio. BMJ Sex. Reprod. Health. 2019 doi: 10.1136/bmjsrh-2018-200085. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
16. Duffy A., Dawson D.L., das Nair R. Pornography addiction in adults: A systematic review of definitions and reported impact. J. Sex. Med. 2016;13:760–777. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.03.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
17. Wright P.J., Bae S., Funk M. United States women and pornography through four decades: Exposure, attitudes, behaviors, individual differences. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2013;42:1131–1144. doi: 10.1007/s10508-013-0116-y. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
18. Flood M. Exposure to pornography among youth in Australia. J. Sociol. 2007;43:45–60. doi: 10.1177/1440783307073934. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
19. Brand M., Young K.S., Laier C., Wölfling K., Potenza M.N. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2016;71:252–266. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
20. Gola M., Wordecha M., Marchewka A., Sescousse G. Visual sexual stimuli—Cue or reward? A perspective for interpreting brain imaging findings on human sexual behaviors. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2016;10:1–7. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21. Ley D., Prause N., Finn P. The Emperor has no clothes: A review of the “pornography addiction” model. Curr. Sex. Health Rep. 2014;6:94–105. doi: 10.1007/s11930-014-0016-8. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
22. Love T., Laier C., Brand M., Hatch L., Hajela R. Neuroscience of Internet pornography addiction: A review and update. Behav. Sci. 2015;5:388–433. doi: 10.3390/bs5030388. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
23. de Alarcón R., de la Iglesia J.I., Casado N.M., Montejo A.L. Online Porn Addiction: What We Know and What We Don’t—A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med. 2019;8:91. doi: 10.3390/jcm8010091. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
24. Kraus S.W., Voon V., Potenza M.N. Should compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction? Addiction. 2016;111:2097–2106. doi: 10.1111/add.13297. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
25. Bradley D.F., Grubbs J.B., Uzdavines A., Exline J.J., Pargament K.I. Perceived addiction to internet pornography among religious believers and nonbelievers. Sex. Addict. Compulsivity. 2016;23:225–243. doi: 10.1080/10720162.2016.1162237. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
26. Grubbs J.B., Perry S.L. Moral incongruence and pornography use: A critical review and integration. J. Sex Res. 2018;7:1–9. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1427204. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
27. Sniewski L., Farvid P., Carter P. The assessment and treatment of adult heterosexual men with self-perceived problematic pornography use: A review. Addict. Behav. 2018;77:217–224. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.010. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
28. Grubbs J.B., Gola M. Is pornography use related to erectile functioning? Results from cross-sectional and latent growth curve analyses. J. Sex. Med. 2019;16:111–125. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.11.004. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
29. Bőthe B., Tóth-Király I., Potenza M.N., Griffiths M.D., Orosz G., Demetrovics Z. Revisiting the role of impulsivity and compulsivity in problematic sexual behaviors. J. Sex Res. 2019;56:166–179. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1480744. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
30. McCabe M.P., Sharlip I.D., Lewis R., Atalla E., Balon R., Fisher A.D., Segraves R.T. Risk factors for sexual dysfunction among women and men: A consensus statement from the fourth international consultation on sexual medicine 2015. J. Sex. Med. 2015;13:153–167. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2015.12.015. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
31. McCabe M.P., Sharlip I.D., Atalla E., Balon R., Fisher A.D., Laumann E., Lee S.W., Lewis R., Segraves R.T. Definitions of sexual dysfunctions in women and men: A consensus statement from the fourth international consultation on sexual medicine. J. Sex. Med. 2016;13:135–143. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2015.12.019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
32. Di Sante S., Mollaioli D., Gravina G.L., Ciocca G., Limoncin E., Carosa E., Lenzi A., Jannini E.A. Epidemiology of delayed ejaculation. Transl. Androl. Urol. 2016;5:541–548. doi: 10.21037/tau.2016.05.10. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
33. Gola M., Lewczuk K., Skorko M. What matters: Quantity or quality of pornography use? Psychological and behavioral factors of seeking treatment for problematic pornography use. J. Sex. Med. 2016;13:815–824. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.169. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
34. Lewczuk K., Szmyd J., Skorko M., Gola M. Treatment seeking for problematic pornography use among women. J. Behav. Addict. 2017;6:445–456. doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.063. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
35. Abdel-Hamid I.A., Ali O.I. Delayed ejaculation: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. World J. Men’s Health. 2018;36:22–40. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.17051. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
36. Blair L. How difficult is it to treat delayed ejaculation within a short-term psychosexual model? A case study comparison. Sex. Relatsh. Ther. 2018;33:298–308. doi: 10.1080/14681994.2017.1365121. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
37. Sutton K.S., Stratton N., Pytyck J., Kolla N.J., Cantor J.M. Patient characteristics by type of hypersexuality referral: A quantitative chart review of 115 consecutive male cases. J. Sex Marital Ther. 2015;41:563–580. doi: 10.1080/0092623X.2014.935539. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
38. Öberg K.G., Hallberg J., Kaldo V., Dhejne C., Arver S. Hypersexual disorder according to the hypersexual disorder screening inventory in help-seeking Swedish men and women with self-identified hypersexual behavior. Sex. Med. 2017;5:e229–e236. doi: 10.1016/j.esxm.2017.08.001. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
39. Pizzol D., Bertoldo A., Foresta C. Adolescents and web porn: A new era of sexuality. Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health. 2016;28:169–173. doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2015-0003. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
40. Landripet I., Stulhofer A. Is pornography use associated with sexual difficulties and dysfunctions among younger heterosexual men? J. Sex. Med. 2015;12:1136–1139. doi: 10.1111/jsm.12853. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
41. Park B.Y., Wilson G., Berger J., Christman M., Reina B., Bishop F., Klam W.P., Doan A.P. Is internet pornography causing sexual dysfunctions? A review with clinical reports. Behav. Sci. 2016;6:3. doi: 10.3390/bs6030017. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
42. Perelman M.A., Rowland D.L. Retarded ejaculation. World J. Urol. 2006;24:645–652. doi: 10.1007/s00345-006-0127-6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
43. Perelman M.A. Psychosexual therapy for delayed ejaculation based on the sexual tipping point model. Transl. Androl. Urol. 2016;5:563–575. doi: 10.21037/tau.2016.07.05. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
44. Bronner G., Ben-Zion I.Z. Unusual masturbatory practice as an etiological factor in the diagnosis and treatment of sexual dysfunction in young men. J. Sex. Med. 2014;11:1798–1806. doi: 10.1111/jsm.12501. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
45. Mobley D.F., Khera M., Baum N. Recent advances in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Postgrad. Med. J. 2017;93:679–685. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134073. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
46. Klein V., Jurin T., Briken P., Štulhofer A. Erectile dysfunction, boredom, and hypersexuality among coupled men from two European countries. J. Sex. Med. 2015;12:2160–2167. doi: 10.1111/jsm.13019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
47. Janssen E., Bancroft J. The Dual-control model: The role of sexual inhibition excitation in sexual arousal and behavior. In: Janssen E., editor. The Psychophysiology of Sex. Indiana University Press; Bloomington, IN, USA: 2006. pp. 197–222. [Google Scholar]
48. Prause N., Pfaus J. Viewing sexual stimuli associated with greater sexual responsiveness, not erectile dysfunction. Sex. Med. 2015;3:90–98. doi: 10.1002/sm2.58. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
49. Wéry A., Billieux J. Online sexual activities: An exploratory study of problematic and non-problematic usage patterns in a sample of men. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016;56:257–266. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.046. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
50. Carvalheira A., Træen B., Stulhofer A. Masturbation and pornography use among coupled heterosexual men with decreased sexual desire: How many roles of masturbation? J. Sex Marital Ther. 2015;41:626–635. doi: 10.1080/0092623X.2014.958790. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
51. Arackal B.S., Benegal V. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in male subjects with alcohol dependence. Indian J. Psychiatry. 2007;49:109–112. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
52. Wu C.J., Hsieh J.T., Lin J.S., Hwang T.I., Jiann B.P., Huang S.T., Wang C.J., Lee S.S., Chiang H.S., Chen K.K., et al. Comparison of prevalence between self-reported erectile dysfunction and erectile dysfunction as defined by five-item International Index of Erectile Function in Taiwanese men older than 40 years. Urology. 2017;69:743–747. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2006.12.019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
53. Mark K.P., Lasslo J.A. Maintaining sexual desire in long-term relationships: A systematic review and conceptual model. J. Sex Res. 2018;55:563–581. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1437592. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
54. Santtila P., Wager I., Witting K., Harlaar N., Jern P., Johansson A., Varjonen M., Sandnabba N.K. Discrepancies between sexual desire and sexual activity: Gender differences and associations with relationship satisfaction. J. Sex Marital Ther. 2008;34:31–44. doi: 10.1080/00926230701620548. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
55. Rupp H.A., Wallen K. Sex differences in response to visual sexual stimuli: A review. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2008;37:206–218. doi: 10.1007/s10508-007-9217-9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
56. Krejcova L., Chovanec M., Weiss P., Klapilova K. Pornography consumption in women and its association with sexual desire and sexual satisfaction. J. Sex. Med. 2017;5(Suppl. 4):e243. [Google Scholar]
57. Willoughby B.J., Leonhardt N.D. Behind closed doors: Individual and joint pornography use among romantic couples. J. Sex Res. 2018 doi: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1541440. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
58. Nutter D.E., Condron M.K. Sexual fantasy and activity patterns of females with inhibited sexual desire versus normal controls. J. Sex Marital Ther. 1983;9:276–282. doi: 10.1080/00926238308410914. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
59. Nutter D.E., Condron M.K. Sexual fantasy and activity patterns of males with inhibited sexual desire and males with erectile dysfunction versus normal controls. J. Sex Marital Ther. 1985;11:91–98. doi: 10.1080/00926238508406074. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
60. Steele V.R., Staley C., Fong T., Prause N. Sexual desire, not hypersexuality, is related to neurophysiological responses elicited by sexual images. Socioaffect. Neurosci. Psychol. 2013;3:20770. doi: 10.3402/snp.v3i0.20770. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
61. Voon V., Mole T.B., Banca P., Porter L., Morris L., Mitchell S., Lapa T.R., Karr J., Harrison N.A., Potenza M.N., et al. Neural correlates of sexual cue reactivity in individuals with and without compulsive sexual behaviours. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e102419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102419. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
62. Nimbi F.M., Tripodi F., Rossi R., Navarro-Cremades F., Simonelli C. Male sexual desire: An overview of biological, psychological, sexual, relational, and cultural factors influencing desire. Sex. Med. Rev. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.12.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
63. McCabe M.P., Goldhammer D.L. Demographic and psychological factors related to sexual desire among heterosexual women in a relationship. J. Sex Res. 2012;49:78–87. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2011.569975. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
More information: Male Sexual Health Questionnaire www.malesexualhealth.be