Scientists have found that insulin has met an evolutionary cul-de-sac, limiting its ability to adapt to obesity and thereby rendering most people vulnerable to Type 2 diabetes.
A recent study from scientists at Indiana University School of Medicine, the University of Michigan and Case Western Reserve University has determined that the sequence of insulin has become entrenched at the edge of impaired production, an intrinsic vulnerability unmasked by rare mutations in the insulin gene causing diabetes in childhood.
The study exploits biophysical concepts and methods to relate protein chemistry to the emerging field of evolutionary medicine.
Insulin is produced by a series of highly specific processes that occur in specialized cells, called beta cells.
A key step is the folding of a biosynthetic precursor, called proinsulin, to achieve the hormone’s functional three-dimensional structure. Past studies from this and other groups have suggested that impaired biosynthesis could be the result of diverse mutations that hinder the foldability of proinsulin.
This group sought to determine if the evolution of insulin in vertebrates – including humans – has encountered a roadblock. Has a complex series of steps imposed constraints that have frozen the sequence of insulin at a precipice of non-foldability?
And if so, has this left humankind vulnerable to Type 2 diabetes as a pandemic disease of civilization?
According to the study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the answers are yes and yes.
“Biological processes ordinarily evolve to be robust, and this protects us in the majority of cases from birth defects and diseases,” said Michael Weiss, MD, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor at IU School of Medicine and lead investigator of the study. “Yet diabetes seems to be an exception.”
Weiss and team looked at a subtle mutation in human insulin in relation to the insulins of other animals, such as cows and porcupines.
The mutant human insulin functions within the range of natural variation among animal insulins, and yet this mutation has been excluded by evolution.
The answer to this seeming paradox is that the forbidden mutation selectively blocks the folding of proinsulin and stresses beta cells.
The group discovered that even the slightest variation of the insulin-sequencing process not only impairs insulin folding (and eventual insulin secretion) but also induces cellular stress that leads to beta cell dysfunction and eventually permanent damage.
Weiss, who is also Chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and a Precision Health Initiative Professor, said that the study highlights the importance of folding efficiency as a critical but hidden factor in the evolution of insulin over the past 540 million years.
Humans have evolved to be vulnerable to diverse mutations in the insulin gene and that this vulnerability underlies a rare monogenic form of diabetes and provides an evolutionary backdrop to the present obesity-related diabetes pandemic.
National experts agree that this discovery provides key insight to better understanding the development of Type 2 diabetes in adults and children – which both are rising at alarming rates in Indiana and around the world.
“This study is a tour de force unraveling key elements of the structural biology of insulin that affect its synthesis and function,” said Barbara Kahn, MD, George R. Minot Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School.
“The authors highlight the fact that the insulin gene has been susceptible throughout evolution to mutations that impair insulin’s function or stress beta cells. As we approach the 100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, these elegant observations might lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes.”
Director of the University of Chicago Kolver Diabetes Center Louis Philipson, MD, agreed, adding that findings will shape future approaches to research in this area.
“The present findings define a major question for the future: whether harmful misfolding of proinsulin seen in patients bearing INS gene variants may also occur, at lower levels perhaps, but more broadly in the population of human Type 2 diabetes patients around the world,” Philipson said.
Next, the group will work to fully define the sequence determinants that make proinsulin foldable in beta cells.
Their hope is that this work will eventually lead to a new category of drugs that mitigate the cellular stress caused by proinsulin’s precarious foldability and target cellular stress in beta cells, thereby preserving insulin-production for high-risk patients.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by the insufficiency of insulin secretion and/or insulin action [1]. The disease is one of the most critical public health challenges of the 21st century [2].
Rapid socio-economic transition is one of the leading causes of the global diabetes epidemic and rising prevalence rates in developing economies [3]. The cost associated with the disease affects more impoverished world regions as well as high-income countries, thus imposing a substantial global economic burden [4].
Recent reports showed a high prevalence of T2D in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) [5]. Thus, effective interventions are urgently needed to slow the diabetes epidemic and reduce diabetes-related complications. An ultimate goal in diabetes management is the identification of novel biomarkers that enable the detection, prevention, treatment of the disease, and its complications long before overt disease development [6].
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 143 common genetic variants associated with T2D [7]. However, these variants explain only a small proportion of the heritability of the disease [8]. Thus, more extensive studies are needed to identify T2D loci in different populations, as well as novel approaches to make sense of these generated databases [9].
The United Arab Emirates National Diabetes and Lifestyle Study (UAEDIAB) study is a cross-sectional survey designed to investigate the prevalence of diabetes and associated risk factors in 827 Emiratis and 2724 expatriates living in Dubai, Sharjah, and the Northern Emirates [10,11,12].
UAEDIAB study has identified a list of patient’s related measurements including obesity/BMI, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and dyslipidemia that correlated with diabetes. Interestingly, most of these identified phenotypes have previously been associated with genetic variants [13,14,15,16].
Random genetic variants are unlikely to occur in the same genomic position unless there is a positive selection for that mutation, which might represent a fitness advantage [17]. However, genetic variants in terms of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) can cluster in particular chromosomal regions [18].
Those regions might represent an increased vulnerability to mutation as a result of their unique sequence, structural, and functional features [19]. Such SNPs clusters are thought to occur preferentially around some functional genes. Therefore, the identification of clustered SNPs might provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis. This may include vulnerable regions, possible positive selection for disease development, and regulatory actions associated with T2D.
In this study, we describe an integrative phenotype-genotype approach to identify novel potential biomarkers for T2D by utilizing the phenotypic characteristics of the UAEDIAB study. This was addressed by a systems genetics approach integrating SNP-clusters in chromosomal regions between the identified UAEDIAB-phenotypes and published SNPs using the National Human Genome Research Institute-European Bioinformatics Institute Catalog of Published Genome-Wide Association Studies (NHGRI-EBI GWAS) Catalog.
We believe that our study might lead to novel testable hypotheses for genes involved in β-cell function and will add new insight into the molecular pathogenesis and biomarkers for T2D.
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reference link:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7230604/
More information: Nischay K. Rege et al, Evolution of insulin at the edge of foldability and its medical implications, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2020). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010908117
