A genetic scoring of schizophrenia-related genes in the placenta can predict the size of a baby’s brain at birth and its rate of cognitive development, which, dependent on other factors, may lead to schizophrenia later in life, according to a study published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Researchers at the Lieber Institute for Brain Development (LIBD) and the University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine used MRI scans at UNC from newborns and cognitive development measures for the first two years of life to uncover the finding. They noted that this was most significant in males.
“By identifying the specific genes activated in the placenta that appear to be unique for schizophrenia risk, we have zeroed in on a set of biological processes that could be targeted to improve placental health and reduce schizophrenia risk,” says Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., CEO & Director of the Lieber Institute.
“To date, prevention from early in life has seemed unapproachable if not unimaginable, but these new insights offer possibilities to change the paradigm.”
Weinberger notes that that most of the children with higher schizophrenia gene scoring in the placenta will not develop schizophrenia because other genetic and environmental factors will compensate for these placental effects later in development. But, he says, in principle, individuals who have other schizophrenia genetic risk factors and early life complications during pregnancy may not be able to compensate and will develop the illness, particularly if they are males.
The investigators also found that in adult individuals with schizophrenia, the same genetic scores that represent placental gene expression predict brain size measured on MRI scans, and the directionality of the relationship was the same as found in the neonates. This was not found in individuals who were the normal controls in the study of adult subjects.
John H. Gilmore, M.D., Eure Distinguished Professor and Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Psychiatry and UNC’s lead investigator on the study, said “I read Dr. Weinberger’s classic paper laying out the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia during my psychiatry residency.
It inspired me to ultimately create the UNC Early Brain Development Study to better understand early childhood brain development and its relationship to risk for schizophrenia. Thirty years later, it has been a career highlight to collaborate with Dr. Weinberger and his team on this study, one that advances our understanding of the complex interactions of genetic and environmental risk factors in the earliest phases of human brain development.“
The study builds on over 30 years of scientific evidence that shows the risk for schizophrenia, a disorder first typically diagnosed in early adult life, begins much earlier in life, even in prenatal life. Many studies have shown that complications during pregnancy, such as infections and malnutrition, can increase the probability of schizophrenia.
Recent genetic studies have shown that many of the genes found to be risk factors for schizophrenia are abundantly expressed in the brain before birth, adding to the circumstantial evidence that early life is important.
In 2018, scientists at the Lieber Institute reported that some of these genes also were activated or “turned on” in the placenta and were especially turned on if the pregnancy was complicated for example by conditions like pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction (Nat Med 2018).
These earlier results suggested that placenta health may be a factor in schizophrenia risk, and in particular, if the offspring is a male, the effects are greater. They also lead the investigators to further explore the biological interplay between placental health and neurodevelopment.
In the current study, the UNC and LIBD researchers also looked for similar relationships in other neurodevelopmental disorders. Complicated pregnancies increase the risk for autism, ADHD, and intellectual difficulties, so scientists examined the relationship between brain size at birth and cognition during the next two years and genetic scores representing risk genes for these and other developmental disorders and traits expressed in the placenta.
“This is further evidence that early life matters in schizophrenia and the placenta plays a bigger role than we imagined,” said Dr. Weinberger.
“Measuring schizophrenia genetic scores in the placenta combined with studying the first two years of cognitive developmental patterns and early life complications could prove to be an important approach to identify those babies with increased risks. Understanding the trajectories leading to neurodevelopmental disorders is a big challenge, but a necessary one to design strategies aimed at prevention.”
Understanding the deviations from normal trajectories of brain development may be crucial for predicting illness and for prevention. Epidemiological studies have consistently identified early antecedents, including complications during pregnancy (1⇓⇓–4) and delays in developmental milestones (5⇓⇓–8).
The incidence of many developmental disorders tends to be higher in males (9), and risk is typically highly heritable (10). While rare and moderately penetrant genetic variations account for a minority of cases, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) show that most risk is attributable to common variants across the genome (11, 12).
Genomic risk scores (GRSs) from GWASs allow a much greater prediction of liability of the disorder than single common variant genotypes, but GRSs per se are not useful in predicting individual risk (13).
We previously identified an environmental context in early life in which genomic risk for schizophrenia may enhance disease susceptibility (14). We found that the liability of schizophrenia explained by genomic risk (that is, schizophrenia GRS, also referred to as polygenic risk score; PRS) was more than five times higher in individuals with a history of obstetrical complications (here, early-life complications; ELCs; i.e., during pregnancy, at labor/delivery, and early in neonatal life) compared with its absence (14).
Such interaction was exclusive of the GRSs constructed from the loci with the most significant associations with schizophrenia (GRS1: GWAS P < 5 × 10−8; GRS2: GWAS P < 1 × 10−6). Genes in the GRS1 and GRS2 loci were more highly expressed in placental tissue compared with genes in GWAS loci not interacting with ELCs (GRS3 to 10); they were up-regulated in placentae from complicated pregnancies and strongly correlated within placenta with expression of immune response genes (14), consistent with previous evidence linking placenta, inflammation, and brain development (15, 16).
To investigate the role of placenta biology in the interaction between schizophrenia GRSs and ELCs, we derived sets of GRSs based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) marking schizophrenia-GWAS loci containing genes highly expressed in placenta and differentially expressed in placentae from complicated compared with normal pregnancies (PlacGRSs; placental genomic risk scores) and also from the remaining GWAS loci (NonPlacGRSs; nonplacental genomic risk scores).
We found that only PlacGRSs interacted with ELCs on schizophrenia-case control status, while NonPlacGRSs did not, implicating genes involved in placenta stress as driving the interaction between genomic risk and ELCs. These interactions were specifically related to placental gene expression, in that they were not detected when calculating GRSs based on SNPs marking loci highly expressed or epigenetically regulated in other tissues, including various adult and fetal tissues/embryonic cells, and fetal brain.
Finally, we detected a much stronger enrichment of expression of the schizophrenia-risk genes in placentae from male compared with female offspring, suggesting a role of placenta in the higher incidence of schizophrenia in males (14).
We here investigate whether placental genomic risk for schizophrenia as well as several other developmental disorders and traits is linked with early neurodevelopmental outcomes in individuals with a history of ELCs associated with placenta pathophysiology. Abundant evidence shows that ELCs have implications for early developmental trajectories, including brain size, intellectual development, and neuromotor function as well as for schizophrenia later in life (3, 5, 17⇓–19).
Based on these prior observations and our earlier findings (14), we hypothesized that schizophrenia PlacGRSs, in contrast to NonPlacGRSs, have a negative effect on early developmental outcomes, especially in males. Further consistent with our earlier findings, we hypothesized that this negative relationship is characteristic of the PlacGRSs constructed from the placental schizophrenia-GWAS loci with the strongest association with the disorder (PlacGRS1: GWAS P < 5 × 10−8; PlacGRS2: GWAS P < 1 × 10−6).
We studied the relationship of PlacGRSs and NonPlacGRSs with brain volume in a unique sample of neonates who underwent MRI scanning shortly after birth, and analyzed the relationship with neurocognitive development at 1 and 2 y of age in the same subjects. Finally, we analyzed the relationship of PlacGRSs and NonPlacGRSs with brain volume in a sample of adult controls and patients with schizophrenia.
reference link: https://www.pnas.org/content/118/7/e2019789118
More information: Gianluca Ursini el al., “Placental genomic risk scores and early neurodevelopmental outcomes,” PNAS (2021). www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2019789118
