The European Commission recently announced the winning projects of its inaugural competition for co-financing joint weapons procurement from the EU budget. However, notably absent from the list was Poland’s proposed Man-Portable Air Defence System (MANPADS), the Piorun. This setback has attracted considerable attention, given the program’s historical and strategic importance to European defense initiatives. At the same time, the introduction of the European Defence Industry Reinforcement Through Common Procurement Act (EDIRPA) marks a turning point in the EU’s broader defence policy—a topic deserving comprehensive analysis.
In this detailed exploration, we will trace the foundations of the EDIRPA initiative, delve into the intricacies of the funded projects, and assess the implications of the program for both participating nations and the European defence industry. We will also investigate Poland’s position, analyzing the potential impacts of Piorun’s omission and the opportunities that may yet arise from the reserve list. This article also incorporates recent data, historical context, and a critical assessment of European defence integration, offering insights into how EDIRPA could reshape the military landscape of Europe in the coming years.
EDIRPA’s Origins and Strategic Framework
The European Defence Industry Reinforcement Through Common Procurement Act (EDIRPA) is a landmark policy initiative launched by the European Commission, designed to co-finance the joint procurement of defense systems among EU member states. This approach is novel for the EU, which has traditionally focused on research and development initiatives through programs such as the European Defence Fund (EDF), rather than direct weapons procurement.
The proposal for EDIRPA emerged amidst growing concerns over Europe’s strategic autonomy. The geopolitical landscape of the early 2020s—marked by increasing tensions with Russia, the ongoing war in Ukraine, and the evolving nature of global military threats—catalyzed a rethinking of EU defence capabilities. In July 2022, the European Commission formally submitted the proposal for EDIRPA, which was subsequently adopted by the European Parliament and Council in October 2023. The implementation decision followed on March 15, 2024, laying the foundation for the allocation of funding.
The strategic rationale behind EDIRPA is multifaceted. On one level, it aims to enhance the collective defence posture of the EU by ensuring that member states have access to modern, interoperable military capabilities. On another level, it seeks to strengthen the European defence industrial base by fostering collaboration among member states, thereby reducing fragmentation and promoting economies of scale in defence procurement.
The First Phase of EDIRPA Funding: Selected Projects
The European Commission’s announcement of the first phase of EDIRPA funding highlighted five projects that successfully secured a share of the €300 million allocated for this initial round. Each project received €60 million in EU funding, which represents only a fraction—approximately 3%—of the total value of these programs, collectively estimated at €11 billion. This financial structure underscores the EU’s role in providing catalytic support rather than full-scale funding, encouraging member states to invest their own resources in these joint endeavours.
The five funded projects encompass a range of defence capabilities, from very short-range air defence to artillery systems. Below, we examine each of these projects in detail:
- Mistral: This project focuses on very short-range air defence and involves the procurement of the Mistral missile system. The Mistral system, produced by France, is a man-portable air-defence system (MANPADS) designed to provide ground troops with effective protection against a variety of airborne threats. Nine countries—France (the producer), Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Spain, Hungary, Slovenia, Romania, and Denmark—are participating in this procurement effort. The collaboration around Mistral underscores the importance of addressing gaps in short-range air defence capabilities across Europe, particularly in the context of the evolving threat environment in the EU’s eastern neighbourhood.
- Jamie: The Jamie project pertains to medium-range air defence, classified as short-range in Polish military terms. This initiative involves the procurement of the IRIS-T SLM system, which boasts a range of approximately 40 kilometers. The IRIS-T SLM system is produced by Germany, and the procurement effort involves Germany, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Austria, Estonia, and Latvia. The inclusion of several Baltic countries reflects their particular interest in bolstering air defence capabilities in light of perceived threats from Russia, especially given the lessons learned from the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
- CAVS: The Common Armoured Vehicle System (CAVS) project is centered on the procurement of 6×6 Patria CAVS vehicles, with Finland serving as the lead producer. Participating countries include Finland, Germany, Sweden, and Latvia. The CAVS project aims to provide modern, highly mobile armoured vehicles that can operate across a wide range of environments. The focus on 6×6 configurations offers flexibility and adaptability, catering to diverse operational requirements. Notably, Germany’s participation in the CAVS project signifies its interest in expanding its role in collaborative land systems procurement within the EU framework.
- CPoA (Common Procurement of Ammunition): The CPoA project involves the joint procurement of 155 mm artillery ammunition, a critical component of modern land warfare. Participants in this program include the Netherlands, Italy, Poland, Lithuania, Croatia, and Denmark. This is the only project in which Poland, represented by its Armament Agency, received funding during this phase of EDIRPA. The emphasis on 155 mm ammunition reflects the high demand for artillery munitions observed in the Ukraine conflict, where sustained high-intensity combat has strained stockpiles across Europe.
- HE 155: The HE 155 project also deals with 155 mm ammunition but specifically focuses on high-explosive rounds. The differentiation between the CPoA and HE 155 projects suggests a targeted approach to addressing both quantity and quality needs in artillery ammunition, with a specific focus on rounds that maximize destructive effect.
Poland’s Piorun Project: A Notable Omission
Amid the projects approved for EDIRPA funding, the absence of Poland’s Piorun MANPADS proposal stands out. Piorun, developed by the Polish company Mesko in collaboration with CRW Telesystem-Mesko (responsible for the seeker), is a highly effective portable anti-aircraft system. The system can neutralize threats at ranges from 400 meters to 6.5 kilometers and altitudes from 10 meters to 4,000 meters, even in the presence of interference or countermeasures. Its performance in Ukraine, where it has successfully downed aircraft such as the Su-34 and Su-25, combat helicopters like the Ka-52, cruise missiles, and drones, has earned it international recognition.
The joint proposal for the Piorun system, submitted by Poland in partnership with Lithuania, Latvia, and Norway, directly competed against the Mistral project but ultimately was not selected. This outcome has prompted questions regarding the selection criteria employed by the European Commission and the relative merits of the competing systems. It is worth noting that the Mistral system, being a French production with broad multinational participation, likely benefited from its established presence and existing operational track record within NATO forces.
Reserve List and Future Funding Prospects
While the Piorun system did not receive funding in the first phase of EDIRPA, the European Commission has indicated that other “interesting proposals” were placed on a “reserve list,” meaning they could be considered for future funding. This reserve list provides a pathway for member states involved in the non-selected projects to potentially secure financial support through reallocation of unused EU funds or other available mechanisms.
The Polish Deputy Defence Minister, Paweł Bejda, has expressed optimism regarding the Piorun project, announcing the signing of a letter of intent for the joint procurement of Piorun systems at Mesko plants. Defence24.pl has also sought clarification from the European Commission as to whether Piorun is on the reserve list, which would make future purchases of Polish portable systems eligible for funding redirected from other programs.
The reserve list mechanism reflects the adaptive nature of the EDIRPA framework. By maintaining flexibility in funding allocations, the European Commission can respond to emerging requirements and changing priorities among member states. For Poland, inclusion on the reserve list would represent an important opportunity to advance its defence manufacturing sector and to further integrate its capabilities within the broader EU framework.
Strategic Implications for the European Defence Industry
The decision by the European Commission to initiate co-financing for weapons procurement marks a significant shift in how the European defence industry is poised to evolve over the next decade. Traditionally, European defence collaboration has revolved around research and development rather than direct procurement, a structure exemplified by the European Defence Fund (EDF) and other collaborative research initiatives. The shift towards a common procurement model, as epitomized by EDIRPA, has profound implications for both the strategic autonomy of the European Union and the development of its industrial defence capabilities.
One of the core motivations behind EDIRPA is to address the longstanding issue of fragmentation within the European defence market. Historically, EU member states have relied on disparate procurement policies, often driven by national interests, which has led to duplication of capabilities, reduced economies of scale, and a lack of interoperability among member state forces. This fragmentation has been a major impediment to the EU’s ambition of achieving strategic autonomy—a concept that envisions the Union being capable of independently ensuring its own security without excessive reliance on external actors, particularly the United States.
EDIRPA seeks to mitigate these issues by promoting joint procurement initiatives, thereby fostering interoperability and standardization across member state forces. By funding multinational procurement programs, the EU aims to encourage member states to collaborate on acquiring similar equipment, which in turn will make it easier for their armed forces to operate in a cohesive manner. This approach not only strengthens the collective defence posture of the Union but also helps reduce procurement costs through economies of scale.
Furthermore, the focus on joint procurement under EDIRPA has significant implications for the European defence industrial base. By incentivizing multinational procurements, the EU is effectively encouraging its defence industries to collaborate and consolidate, which could lead to the emergence of stronger, more competitive European defence contractors. The inclusion of companies like France’s MBDA (the producer of Mistral), Germany’s Diehl Defence (responsible for the IRIS-T SLM system), and Finland’s Patria (producer of the CAVS vehicles) in these multinational programs highlights the EU’s intent to strengthen the capabilities of its homegrown defence companies.
Addressing Defence Fragmentation: The Long Road to Strategic Autonomy
Fragmentation in the European defence market is not a new problem. The lack of a unified defence policy and the predominance of national procurement decisions have long led to inefficiencies. Each country often developed its own weapons systems, resulting in multiple versions of similar equipment with minimal interoperability. This problem has been particularly evident in the armoured vehicle segment, where several EU countries have developed and fielded different platforms, often without the capacity to interchange parts or integrate communications systems effectively.
The CAVS project, which involves the joint procurement of the Patria 6×6 armoured vehicle by Finland, Germany, Sweden, and Latvia, serves as a direct attempt to address this fragmentation. By standardizing the platform across multiple countries, the project aims to ensure that maintenance, logistics, and operational deployment are streamlined. This move towards standardization is critical if the EU is to field cohesive multinational units capable of rapid deployment.
Moreover, joint procurement initiatives such as the Mistral and IRIS-T SLM systems aim to create similar efficiencies in air defence. The experience of NATO and EU countries in conflicts such as the Libyan Civil War, Syria, and more recently Ukraine, has demonstrated the critical need for reliable and interoperable air defence capabilities. By encouraging multiple member states to procure the same systems, EDIRPA aims to ensure that the EU has a unified and effective response capability to aerial threats, ranging from enemy aircraft to drones and cruise missiles.
However, the path to strategic autonomy through EDIRPA is fraught with challenges. National interests, historical alliances, and varying threat perceptions among EU member states continue to complicate the drive for a unified defence policy. The differing threat assessments are particularly evident in the approach of Eastern European states compared to those in Western Europe. Countries like Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia, which face immediate security concerns due to their proximity to Russia, have often prioritized different defence capabilities compared to their Western counterparts, who may place greater emphasis on expeditionary capabilities or cyber defence.
This divergence in priorities is one reason why Poland’s Piorun system was likely not selected for EDIRPA funding in this phase. While Piorun has proven to be highly effective in countering threats in the Ukrainian conflict, its focus on man-portable air defence may not align with the broader requirements of the EU at this stage, which appears to be prioritizing platform-based air defence systems capable of protecting larger areas or formations.
Poland’s Defence Industrial Ambitions: Piorun and Beyond
Poland’s omission from the list of funded projects in the initial phase of EDIRPA should not overshadow the strides the country has made in developing its defence industrial capabilities. The Piorun MANPADS is a notable achievement for the Polish defence industry, and its success in Ukraine has garnered international recognition. In recent years, Poland has invested heavily in modernizing its defence sector, with a particular focus on enhancing its missile, artillery, and armoured vehicle capabilities.
The Piorun system, developed by Mesko, is an evolution of the earlier Grom MANPADS, with significant improvements in range, targeting, and resistance to countermeasures. The system’s ability to engage a wide range of aerial threats—including aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—makes it a versatile asset for modern warfare. Piorun’s performance in Ukraine, where it has successfully downed advanced Russian aircraft such as the Su-34 and Su-25, as well as combat helicopters like the Ka-52, has underscored its effectiveness and reliability.
Beyond the Piorun, Poland has also been actively pursuing other defence initiatives. The country has embarked on a major modernization program that includes the procurement of advanced artillery systems (such as the Krab self-propelled howitzer), main battle tanks (such as the Leopard 2 and the domestically produced PT-91), and multi-role combat aircraft (such as the F-35). Poland’s commitment to defence spending, which exceeds the NATO target of 2% of GDP, has positioned it as a key player in European defence.
The decision by the European Commission to place Piorun on the reserve list rather than fund it outright may reflect a broader assessment of the system’s role within the context of European defence. While man-portable systems like Piorun are crucial for frontline troops and can provide effective protection against low-flying threats, they may not be as high a priority for the EU’s collective defence posture compared to more comprehensive air defence systems like Mistral and IRIS-T, which offer broader area coverage.
Nevertheless, the inclusion of Piorun on the reserve list provides an opportunity for Poland to secure EU funding in the future. If additional resources become available, or if other projects encounter delays or funding issues, the Piorun could receive the financial support needed to facilitate its joint procurement. This would not only benefit Poland but also Lithuania, Latvia, and Norway—countries that have partnered with Poland in the proposal and have expressed interest in acquiring the system.
The Role of Joint Procurement in Strengthening EU Defence Integration
The joint procurement model being advanced through EDIRPA represents a key pillar of the EU’s efforts to strengthen defence integration. By providing funding for multinational projects, the EU is encouraging member states to work together in ways that have historically been challenging due to political, economic, and logistical barriers. The integration of defence procurement is seen as essential to achieving the broader goal of a European Defence Union, which would allow the EU to take on a greater role in ensuring its own security.
The European Defence Union is an aspirational concept that envisions the EU developing the capability to act independently of NATO, although in a complementary rather than competitive manner. Achieving this level of capability requires not only political will but also the industrial capacity to produce the necessary equipment and the operational capacity to deploy and sustain forces in the field. Joint procurement initiatives such as those funded under EDIRPA are therefore critical to building the industrial and operational foundations of a European Defence Union.
However, joint procurement alone is not sufficient to achieve true defence integration. The EU must also address other challenges, such as the harmonization of military standards, the development of joint operational doctrines, and the establishment of effective command and control structures. The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) initiative, which was launched in 2017, represents a complementary effort to address these challenges by fostering closer cooperation among member states in areas such as capability development, operational planning, and logistics.
EDIRPA and PESCO are thus two sides of the same coin: while PESCO focuses on fostering cooperation in capability development and operational planning, EDIRPA provides the financial incentives needed to make joint procurement a reality. The success of these initiatives will depend on the willingness of member states to prioritize collective security over national interests and to invest in the development of a truly integrated European defence capability.
The Geopolitical Context: Russia, Ukraine, and the Urgency of European Defence
The urgency of the European Commission’s efforts to strengthen the EU’s defence capabilities through initiatives like EDIRPA must be understood in the context of the broader geopolitical environment. The ongoing conflict in Ukraine, which began with Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and escalated dramatically with the full-scale invasion in February 2022, has fundamentally altered the security landscape in Europe. The war has not only exposed the vulnerabilities of Ukraine but has also highlighted the inadequacies of European defence capabilities in responding to large-scale conventional threats.
The conflict in Ukraine has served as a wake-up call for the EU, underscoring the need for a more robust and cohesive defence posture. The lessons learned from the conflict are manifold: the importance of artillery and ammunition in sustained combat, the need for effective air defence against drones and cruise missiles, and the value of mobility and flexibility in armoured formations. These lessons are directly reflected in the projects funded under EDIRPA, which focus on air defence, artillery ammunition, and armoured vehicles—capabilities that have proven to be of critical importance in Ukraine.
Russia’s actions in Ukraine have also underscored the limitations of the EU’s reliance on NATO for its security. While NATO remains the cornerstone of European defence, the war has highlighted the need for the EU to develop its own capabilities to complement and, if necessary, act independently of NATO. The United States, which has historically provided the bulk of NATO’s military capabilities, has made it clear that it expects European countries to take on a greater share of the burden for their own defence. This expectation, coupled with the increasing assertiveness of Russia and other geopolitical actors, has driven the EU to pursue initiatives like EDIRPA in an effort to bolster its own defence capabilities.
Technical Analysis of Funded Projects: Capabilities, Innovations, and Operational Impact
The European Defence Industry Reinforcement Through Common Procurement Act (EDIRPA) represents a diverse set of projects, each focusing on strengthening distinct elements of the EU’s collective defense capabilities. The variety of systems and equipment that received funding reflects the complexity of modern warfare, where different threats and challenges require a multi-faceted approach. Here, we provide an in-depth technical analysis of each of the five funded projects, exploring their respective capabilities, innovative features, and the potential operational impact they can have on the EU’s collective defense posture.
Mistral System: Enhancing Very Short-Range Air Defense (VSHORAD)
The Mistral system is a very short-range air defense (VSHORAD) missile designed to provide protection against low-flying aircraft, helicopters, drones, and cruise missiles. Developed by MBDA, a leading European defense company, the Mistral system has been operational since the late 1980s, but it has undergone significant upgrades to maintain its relevance in modern combat scenarios.
The latest variant of the Mistral system, Mistral 3, offers several technical advancements that make it a highly effective component of Europe’s air defense network. One of the key features of Mistral 3 is its advanced seeker technology, which combines infrared (IR) imaging with a laser proximity fuse. This seeker allows Mistral 3 to accurately track and engage fast-moving targets, even in environments with substantial infrared clutter, such as those caused by countermeasures or natural interference.
The missile also features a dual-band IR seeker, which enhances its resistance to jamming and countermeasures. This is particularly important in modern conflict environments, where adversaries often employ electronic warfare (EW) tactics to disrupt air defense systems. With a range of up to six kilometers and the ability to engage targets flying at very low altitudes, Mistral 3 is well-suited for defending critical infrastructure, forward-deployed troops, and mobile formations from aerial threats.
The participation of nine countries—France, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Spain, Hungary, Slovenia, Romania, and Denmark—in the Mistral project underscores its strategic importance. By standardizing this VSHORAD capability across multiple member states, the EU aims to enhance the ability of its forces to protect against a variety of low-altitude threats. This is particularly relevant given the increased use of drones and low-flying cruise missiles by state and non-state actors in recent conflicts.
Jamie Project: Medium-Range Air Defense with IRIS-T SLM
The Jamie project focuses on medium-range air defense, involving the procurement of the IRIS-T SLM system, developed by Diehl Defence, a German defense company. The IRIS-T SLM (Surface Launched Medium-Range) system represents a significant enhancement over earlier variants of the IRIS-T, which was initially developed as a short-range air-to-air missile. The IRIS-T SLM is designed for ground-based launch, providing a medium-range air defense capability that fills the gap between short-range systems like Mistral and longer-range strategic air defense systems.
The IRIS-T SLM system is characterized by its high maneuverability and its ability to engage a wide variety of airborne threats, including fighter aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, and UAVs. The missile uses an imaging infrared seeker, which gives it an all-weather capability and the ability to distinguish between genuine targets and decoys. The seeker, coupled with a thrust vector control system, allows the missile to engage highly maneuverable targets, including modern aircraft equipped with advanced countermeasures.
The system’s range of approximately 40 kilometers makes it suitable for providing area defense, protecting larger zones such as military bases, logistics hubs, and population centers. The involvement of Germany, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Austria, Estonia, and Latvia in the Jamie project reflects a collective recognition of the need for effective medium-range air defense capabilities. The Baltic states, in particular, view the IRIS-T SLM as a critical component of their defense strategy, given their proximity to potential adversaries and the growing threat of missile and drone attacks.
The operational impact of the IRIS-T SLM system cannot be overstated. By integrating medium-range air defense capabilities across multiple EU member states, the Jamie project aims to create a cohesive and effective network that can provide layered air defense coverage. This layered approach is crucial for countering the diverse range of aerial threats that modern militaries face, from ballistic and cruise missiles to swarm drones and rotary-wing platforms.
CAVS Project: Enhancing Mobility with 6×6 Patria Armoured Vehicles
The Common Armoured Vehicle System (CAVS) project, which involves the procurement of 6×6 Patria armoured vehicles, represents an important step towards enhancing the mobility and versatility of EU member state armed forces. Patria, a Finnish defense company with a strong track record in the production of armoured vehicles, is leading this project, with participation from Finland, Germany, Sweden, and Latvia.
The 6×6 Patria vehicle is a modular platform designed to operate in a wide range of environments, from urban settings to rugged terrain. It is capable of being configured for different roles, including troop transport, reconnaissance, command and control, and even as an ambulance. The modular nature of the platform allows countries to customize the vehicle to meet their specific operational needs while maintaining interoperability with other nations that use the same chassis and basic systems.
One of the key features of the Patria 6×6 is its high level of mobility. The vehicle is equipped with a powerful engine and advanced suspension system, allowing it to traverse difficult terrain while maintaining speed and agility. The vehicle is also designed with a high level of protection, featuring modular armour that can be adapted based on the threat environment. This adaptability is critical in modern combat scenarios, where threats can range from small arms fire to improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs).
The inclusion of Germany and Sweden in the CAVS project is significant, as it indicates a growing recognition of the importance of standardized mobility solutions across the EU. The ability to field a common armoured vehicle platform across multiple member states will greatly enhance the EU’s capacity for joint operations, particularly in the context of rapid deployment forces and crisis response units. The CAVS project thus represents not only a technical enhancement of the EU’s armored capabilities but also a step towards greater operational integration and flexibility.
CPoA and HE 155 Projects: Bolstering Artillery Capabilities with 155 mm Ammunition
The Common Procurement of Ammunition (CPoA) and High-Explosive 155 (HE 155) projects are both focused on the procurement of 155 mm artillery ammunition, a critical component of modern land warfare. Artillery remains one of the most effective means of delivering firepower on the battlefield, and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has underscored the importance of having a reliable supply of ammunition to sustain high-intensity operations.
The CPoA project involves the procurement of a variety of 155 mm ammunition types to meet the diverse needs of EU member state armed forces. The participating countries—the Netherlands, Italy, Poland, Lithuania, Croatia, and Denmark—are working together to secure a stable supply of ammunition that can be used across different artillery platforms. By pooling their procurement efforts, these countries are not only reducing costs but also ensuring that they have access to standardized ammunition, which enhances interoperability during joint operations.
The HE 155 project, on the other hand, is specifically focused on high-explosive rounds, which are used to maximize destructive effect against enemy forces and fortifications. The emphasis on high-explosive rounds reflects the lessons learned from recent conflicts, where artillery has been used to devastating effect against entrenched positions, armoured formations, and logistical nodes. The ability to deliver precise and overwhelming firepower is crucial for breaking enemy defenses and shaping the battlefield.
The operational impact of the CPoA and HE 155 projects is significant. By ensuring a stable supply of 155 mm ammunition, the EU is enhancing its member states’ ability to conduct sustained artillery operations, which are essential for both offensive and defensive missions. The use of standardized ammunition also simplifies logistics and supply chain management, reducing the risk of compatibility issues during multinational deployments.
Political Challenges in Joint Procurement: Balancing National Sovereignty and Collective Security
While the technical merits of the EDIRPA-funded projects are evident, the political challenges involved in joint procurement cannot be overlooked. The drive towards joint procurement represents a fundamental shift in how EU member states approach defense spending, moving from a purely national focus towards a collective model. This shift has been driven by the recognition that no single European country has the resources or industrial capacity to address all the defense challenges facing the continent on its own. However, the transition to joint procurement requires member states to make significant political concessions, particularly in terms of national sovereignty.
One of the main political challenges in joint procurement is the balancing of national sovereignty with collective security. Defense procurement has traditionally been a highly sensitive area for national governments, as it is closely linked to national security and industrial policy. Countries are often reluctant to cede control over procurement decisions, as they may fear losing the ability to prioritize their own security needs or to support their domestic defense industries.
For instance, Poland’s submission of the Piorun system in collaboration with Lithuania, Latvia, and Norway reflects an effort to promote its national defense industry while contributing to collective security. However, the fact that the Piorun project was not selected for EDIRPA funding highlights the difficulty of aligning national priorities with collective EU goals. Poland, which faces a direct threat from Russia due to its geographical proximity, has a strong interest in ensuring that its military capabilities are tailored to counter specific threats. This may not always align with the broader priorities of the EU, which must balance the security needs of 27 member states with varying threat perceptions.
Another political challenge is the distribution of industrial benefits from joint procurement projects. Countries that are home to major defense contractors are likely to benefit more from these projects, as their industries are directly involved in the production of the equipment being procured. This can create tensions between member states, particularly those that do not have a strong defense industrial base and may feel that they are not reaping the same economic benefits from joint procurement. The involvement of France and Germany in two of the five funded projects (Mistral and IRIS-T SLM) highlights the dominance of these countries in the European defense industry and may lead to concerns about the equitable distribution of industrial opportunities.
The EU has sought to address these challenges by emphasizing the importance of burden-sharing and by providing funding through mechanisms like EDIRPA to incentivize participation in joint projects. However, achieving true equity in the distribution of benefits remains a complex issue that will require ongoing dialogue and compromise among member states.
Poland’s Evolving Role in European Defence: Strategic Imperatives and Future Prospects
Poland’s evolving role within the European defense landscape is emblematic of the broader changes taking place in EU defense policy. As a frontline state facing significant security challenges from Russia, Poland has been a vocal advocate for greater EU and NATO engagement in the defense of Eastern Europe. Poland’s defense policy is characterized by a focus on deterrence, resilience, and forward defense, which are aimed at countering the threat posed by Russia’s military presence in the Kaliningrad Oblast and its aggressive posture in the region.
The development of the Piorun MANPADS is a key element of Poland’s broader defense strategy. Piorun, with its enhanced capabilities and proven combat record in Ukraine, represents an important contribution to Poland’s air defense capabilities. The system is also a symbol of Poland’s ambition to become a significant player in the European defense industry. By developing indigenous defense capabilities, Poland aims to reduce its dependence on foreign suppliers and to enhance its role as a contributor to European security.
The decision by the European Commission not to fund the Piorun project in the first phase of EDIRPA is a setback for Poland, but it is not the end of its ambitions. The inclusion of Piorun on the reserve list means that there is still a possibility of securing funding in the future, particularly if additional resources become available or if other projects face delays. Moreover, the support expressed by Lithuania, Latvia, and Norway for the joint procurement of Piorun indicates that there is a demand for the system, which could lead to further opportunities for international sales and cooperation.
Poland’s participation in the CPoA project for 155 mm ammunition also highlights its commitment to contributing to collective EU defense capabilities. By working with other countries to secure a stable supply of artillery ammunition, Poland is helping to address one of the critical shortfalls identified in recent conflicts. This participation is also an acknowledgment of the importance of interoperability and standardized capabilities within the EU, which are essential for effective joint operations.
Looking ahead, Poland is likely to continue advocating for a strong EU defense policy that prioritizes the security of its eastern flank. Poland’s emphasis on territorial defense and its significant investments in modernizing its armed forces position it as a key player in European defense. The challenge for Poland will be to balance its national defense priorities with the collective goals of the EU, particularly in the context of initiatives like EDIRPA that require countries to pool resources and capabilities.
Broader Geopolitical Implications of EDIRPA: A Step Towards a European Defence Union?
The broader geopolitical implications of EDIRPA extend beyond the technical details of the funded projects or the political challenges of joint procurement. At its core, EDIRPA represents a step towards greater European integration in defense, an area that has traditionally been marked by fragmentation and national control. The push towards joint procurement is part of a broader effort to create a European Defence Union—a concept that envisions the EU developing the capacity to act independently in matters of security and defense, complementing but not duplicating NATO’s role.
The European Defence Union is an aspirational goal that has gained increasing traction in the wake of recent geopolitical developments. The 2016 EU Global Strategy, which called for “strategic autonomy” in defense, marked a turning point in the EU’s approach to security. The concept of strategic autonomy does not imply a complete decoupling from NATO or the United States, but rather the development of a level of capability that allows the EU to act independently when necessary, particularly in its own neighborhood.
The war in Ukraine has highlighted the importance of this capability. While NATO has played a crucial role in coordinating the response to the Russian invasion, the EU has also taken significant steps to support Ukraine, including through financial assistance, sanctions against Russia, and the provision of military aid. The establishment of EDIRPA and the funding of joint procurement projects represent a recognition that the EU needs to be able to act as a security provider in its own right, particularly in areas where NATO may not be directly engaged.
However, achieving the level of integration required for a European Defence Union will not be easy. It will require member states to make significant political concessions, including greater coordination of national defense policies, increased investment in joint capabilities, and the development of a common strategic culture. Initiatives like EDIRPA are a step in this direction, but they are only part of a much broader effort that will need to address issues such as command and control, operational planning, and the integration of national forces into a cohesive European structure.
The involvement of multiple member states in the EDIRPA-funded projects is a positive sign that there is political will to move towards greater integration. However, the success of these projects will depend on the ability of the participating countries to work together effectively and to overcome the challenges associated with joint procurement. If EDIRPA proves successful, it could serve as a model for future initiatives, paving the way for greater cooperation in other areas of defense capability development.
Operational Doctrines and Interoperability: Building a Cohesive European Defence Force
The establishment of the European Defence Industry Reinforcement Through Common Procurement Act (EDIRPA) is more than just an initiative for joint procurement—it is part of a broader strategic ambition to create a cohesive and unified European defense force. To achieve this level of cohesion, EU member states must not only invest in similar equipment and capabilities but also develop common operational doctrines, establish interoperability standards, and create joint training frameworks. In this segment, we explore these key requirements and the challenges that come with integrating diverse national military doctrines into a unified EU defense structure.
The Role of Operational Doctrines in European Defence Integration
Operational doctrines are the foundational principles that guide military planning, decision-making, and operations. Each EU member state has its own set of doctrines, reflecting its unique history, geography, threat perception, and strategic culture. For example, Germany’s defense doctrine is shaped by its emphasis on international cooperation and strategic restraint, while Poland’s doctrine focuses heavily on territorial defense and deterrence against Russia. Similarly, countries like France and the United Kingdom (although not part of the EU anymore, it still collaborates with the EU on defense) emphasize the importance of power projection and maintaining a global military presence.
The differences in national operational doctrines present a significant challenge to the development of a cohesive European defense force. To effectively operate together, EU member states need to harmonize their doctrines to ensure that their forces can plan, execute, and sustain operations in a coordinated manner. This does not mean that every member state must adopt an identical doctrine, but there must be a common framework that allows for seamless integration during joint operations.
The development of joint operational doctrines is particularly important in the context of multinational units, such as the EU Battlegroups, which are intended to serve as rapid reaction forces capable of deploying to crisis areas on short notice. The EU Battlegroups concept, which was launched in 2005, has faced numerous challenges, including a lack of political will to deploy them and issues related to interoperability. The lessons learned from the EU Battlegroups highlight the importance of having a common operational framework that enables forces from different countries to work together effectively.
EDIRPA-funded projects, such as the Mistral and IRIS-T SLM air defense systems and the CAVS armoured vehicle program, are intended to enhance the interoperability of EU forces by standardizing equipment and capabilities. However, achieving true interoperability goes beyond the procurement of similar equipment—it also requires joint training, shared logistics, and the development of common tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs). These elements are essential for ensuring that the personnel operating the equipment can do so in a coordinated and effective manner, regardless of their national origin.
Interoperability Challenges: Technical, Procedural, and Cultural Dimensions
Interoperability in a military context refers to the ability of different military units to operate together effectively, whether at the tactical, operational, or strategic level. Achieving interoperability involves overcoming challenges in three main areas: technical, procedural, and cultural.
Technical Interoperability: Technical interoperability is often the most visible aspect of the interoperability challenge. It refers to the ability of equipment, systems, and platforms from different countries to communicate and work together. For example, air defense systems like the IRIS-T SLM must be able to communicate with radar systems, command and control centers, and other components of the integrated air defense network, regardless of their national origin. This requires the use of standardized communication protocols, data formats, and software interfaces.
The use of open standards and common communication protocols is a key factor in achieving technical interoperability. NATO, for example, has developed a set of standards known as STANAGs (Standardization Agreements) that define the technical and procedural requirements for interoperability among member states. While many EU countries are also members of NATO and therefore adhere to NATO standards, there are differences in the level of integration and adherence to these standards. The challenge for the EU is to ensure that its own initiatives, such as EDIRPA, are fully aligned with NATO standards to avoid duplication and ensure seamless integration with NATO forces.
Procedural Interoperability: Procedural interoperability refers to the alignment of military procedures, such as planning, logistics, and command and control processes. Even if technical systems are compatible, differences in how operations are planned and executed can create significant barriers to effective cooperation. For example, differences in the way that artillery units from different countries calculate firing solutions or coordinate fire support can lead to delays or mistakes during joint operations.
To address procedural interoperability, the EU must invest in joint training and exercises that bring together forces from different member states to practice common procedures. Exercises like “Defender Europe” and “Anakonda” provide valuable opportunities for EU forces to train together and identify areas where procedural differences need to be addressed. The development of a European Operational Headquarters (OHQ), which has been proposed by several EU member states, could also help standardize command and control processes and improve the EU’s ability to plan and execute joint operations.
Cultural Interoperability: Cultural interoperability is perhaps the most challenging aspect of achieving a cohesive European defense force. Each member state’s armed forces have their own unique culture, which is shaped by factors such as language, history, and organizational structure. These cultural differences can affect everything from decision-making processes to the way that soldiers interact with each other in the field.
To overcome cultural barriers, the EU must foster a sense of common identity and shared purpose among its military personnel. This can be achieved through exchange programs, joint training, and multinational units that bring together personnel from different countries. The European Military Training Mission (EUMTM) is one example of an initiative that aims to promote cultural interoperability by providing training to personnel from different member states in a common environment.
The success of EDIRPA and other EU defense initiatives will ultimately depend on the ability of member states to overcome these technical, procedural, and cultural barriers and to create a truly interoperable force that can operate effectively across the full spectrum of military operations.
Economic Implications for the European Defence Industry: Consolidation, Competitiveness, and Growth
The economic implications of EDIRPA for the European defense industry are significant, as the initiative represents a major step towards consolidating and strengthening the industrial base that supports European defense capabilities. By encouraging joint procurement, EDIRPA aims to reduce fragmentation in the defense market, promote economies of scale, and enhance the competitiveness of European defense companies on the global stage.
Consolidation of the European Defence Industrial Base
One of the primary economic benefits of EDIRPA is its potential to drive consolidation within the European defense industry. The European defense market has historically been characterized by a high degree of fragmentation, with numerous small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) producing similar products for different national markets. This fragmentation has led to inefficiencies, duplication of effort, and a lack of competitiveness compared to larger defense contractors in the United States and other major defense-exporting countries.
By promoting joint procurement, EDIRPA encourages member states to pool their resources and place larger, collective orders for defense equipment. This creates opportunities for defense companies to achieve economies of scale, reduce production costs, and invest in research and development. The involvement of major defense companies like MBDA, Diehl Defence, and Patria in EDIRPA-funded projects is an indication of the potential for consolidation and the creation of stronger industrial partnerships across national borders.
Consolidation is also expected to benefit SMEs, which often struggle to compete in a fragmented market. By participating in joint procurement projects, SMEs can gain access to larger contracts and benefit from the increased demand for their products and services. The European Defence Fund (EDF), which complements EDIRPA by providing funding for research and innovation, also plays a key role in supporting SMEs and ensuring that they have opportunities to contribute to the development of new defense technologies.
Competitiveness on the Global Stage
The European defense industry is a major player in the global defense market, but it faces increasing competition from the United States, Russia, China, and emerging defense-exporting countries such as South Korea and Turkey. To maintain its competitiveness, the European defense industry must invest in innovation, develop cutting-edge technologies, and offer products that meet the needs of both domestic and international customers.
EDIRPA, by providing funding for joint procurement, helps create a stable and predictable demand for European defense products. This stability is crucial for defense companies, which often face long development cycles and high upfront costs. By reducing the uncertainty associated with national procurement decisions, EDIRPA allows defense companies to plan for the long term, invest in new technologies, and develop products that are competitive on the global market.
The Mistral, IRIS-T SLM, and CAVS projects are all examples of European defense products that have the potential to succeed in the export market. The Mistral system, for example, has already been exported to several countries outside of Europe, including Brazil, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia. By standardizing the system across multiple EU member states, EDIRPA enhances its appeal to potential international customers, who value the interoperability and support that comes with a widely used system.
Similarly, the IRIS-T SLM system, with its advanced capabilities and medium-range air defense coverage, is well-positioned to compete with systems like the American Patriot or the Russian S-350. By securing a stable demand for the IRIS-T SLM within Europe, EDIRPA helps ensure that Diehl Defence has the resources to invest in further development and to market the system to potential customers around the world.
Growth and Innovation in Defence Technologies
The funding provided by EDIRPA also has the potential to drive growth and innovation in the European defense industry. By encouraging joint procurement, EDIRPA creates opportunities for defense companies to collaborate on the development of new technologies, share expertise, and leverage the strengths of different industrial partners. This collaborative approach is essential for developing the next generation of defense technologies, which require significant investment in research and development.
The European Defence Fund (EDF) plays a complementary role in this regard by providing funding for research and innovation projects. The EDF focuses on areas such as artificial intelligence, cyber defense, space-based surveillance, and advanced materials—all of which are critical for maintaining Europe’s technological edge in defense. By aligning the procurement efforts of EDIRPA with the research initiatives funded by the EDF, the EU aims to create a seamless pipeline from research and development to production and deployment.
The emphasis on 155 mm artillery ammunition in the CPoA and HE 155 projects also highlights the importance of maintaining a robust industrial base for the production of essential munitions. The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has demonstrated the critical role that artillery plays in modern warfare and the need for a reliable supply of ammunition to sustain high-intensity operations. By investing in the joint procurement of 155 mm ammunition, the EU is not only addressing an immediate operational need but also ensuring that its defense industry has the capacity to meet future demands.
EDIRPA’s Role in Shaping the Future of European Defence
The European Defence Industry Reinforcement Through Common Procurement Act (EDIRPA) represents a transformative step in the evolution of European defense policy. By providing funding for joint procurement projects, EDIRPA aims to strengthen the European defense industrial base, enhance interoperability among member state armed forces, and contribute to the broader goal of achieving strategic autonomy for the European Union.
The five projects funded in the initial phase of EDIRPA—Mistral, Jamie, CAVS, CPoA, and HE 155—address critical capability gaps in air defense, armored mobility, and artillery. Each project not only provides member states with essential military capabilities but also serves as a model for future collaboration, demonstrating the potential benefits of pooling resources and standardizing equipment across national borders.
However, the success of EDIRPA will ultimately depend on the willingness of EU member states to prioritize collective security over national interests. The challenges of balancing national sovereignty with the need for joint procurement, overcoming technical, procedural, and cultural barriers to interoperability, and ensuring equitable distribution of industrial benefits are significant. Achieving a truly cohesive European defense force will require sustained political commitment, investment in joint training and operational planning, and the development of a common strategic culture.
The economic implications of EDIRPA are equally significant. By driving consolidation within the European defense industry, promoting competitiveness on the global stage, and fostering growth and innovation, EDIRPA has the potential to create a stronger, more resilient industrial base that can support Europe’s defense needs for decades to come.
Looking ahead, EDIRPA represents an important milestone in the EU’s journey towards greater defense integration. It is a step towards a European Defence Union—an aspiration that envisions the EU developing the capability to act independently in matters of security and defense. While there are many challenges to overcome, the progress made through EDIRPA and other initiatives such as PESCO and the EDF provides a solid foundation for building a more capable and cohesive European defense force.
In conclusion, EDIRPA is not just a procurement initiative; it is a statement of intent—a recognition that the security challenges facing Europe require a collective response and that the EU must invest in its own defense capabilities if it is to be a credible security actor on the global stage. The projects funded under EDIRPA are the first steps towards realizing this vision, and their success will serve as a testament to the potential of a united Europe to ensure its own security and to contribute to global stability. The path ahead is challenging, but the commitment demonstrated by the EU and its member states through EDIRPA marks a significant step towards achieving the goal of a more integrated and effective European defense.
Copyright of debuglies.com
Even partial reproduction of the contents is not permitted without prior authorization – Reproduction reserved
