On March 3, 2025, the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat) released a detailed report encapsulating the nation’s economic performance for 2024, a document that serves as a critical lens through which to examine Italy’s geopolitical and financial standing in an increasingly complex global landscape. This analysis delves into the intricate interplay of Italy’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth, public debt management, and sectoral productivity, drawing from the Istat data to illuminate broader implications for the country’s role within the European Union (EU) and its resilience against multifaceted external pressures. The narrative unfolds against a backdrop of global economic turbulence, characterized by persistent inflationary trends, shifting trade dynamics, and the EU’s evolving fiscal policies, all of which underscore Italy’s strategic importance as the bloc’s third-largest economy.
The Istat report reveals that Italy’s GDP at market prices in 2024 reached €2,192,182 million at current prices, reflecting a nominal increase of 2.9% from 2023, while real growth, measured in chained values with 2020 as the reference year, stood at a modest 0.7%. This figure, though tempered by a GDP deflator rise of 2.1%, signals a continuation of the decelerating growth trajectory observed since the post-pandemic rebound of 2021, when real GDP surged by 8.9%. The 2024 growth rate aligns closely with the 0.7% recorded in 2023, suggesting a stabilization of economic activity amid challenging conditions. Notably, the contribution of domestic demand, excluding inventories, accounted for 0.5 percentage points of this growth, driven by a 0.6% rise in national final consumption and a 0.5% increase in gross fixed investments. Exports, growing by 0.4%, and a 0.7% decline in imports further bolstered the net foreign demand contribution by 0.4 points, offset slightly by a negative 0.1-point impact from inventory changes.
These figures, while modest, belie the resilience of an economy navigating significant headwinds, including elevated energy costs, a tightening monetary policy stance by the European Central Bank (ECB), and geopolitical uncertainties stemming from conflicts such as the Russia-Ukraine war. Italy’s ability to sustain positive growth, albeit subdued, reflects a delicate balance between domestic consumption, public expenditure, and external trade—a balance that has profound implications for its fiscal health and international standing. The nation’s public administration (AP) net borrowing, a key indicator of fiscal sustainability, improved markedly to -3.4% of GDP in 2024 from -7.2% in 2023, translating to an absolute value of -€75,547 million. This reduction of approximately €78.7 billion year-over-year underscores a pivotal shift toward fiscal consolidation, driven by a primary surplus of €9,633 million (0.4% of GDP), a stark contrast to the -3.6% deficit of the previous year.
The improvement in Italy’s fiscal position is attributable to a robust 3.7% increase in total public revenues, reaching 47.1% of GDP, and a 3.6% decline in total expenditures, which fell to 50.6% of GDP. Current revenues surged by 5.7%, propelled by a 6.6% rise in direct taxes—chiefly personal income tax (IRPEF) and corporate tax (IRES)—and a 6.1% increase in indirect taxes, including value-added tax (VAT) and energy-related levies. Meanwhile, a dramatic 39.9% reduction in capital expenditures, largely due to the phasing out of Superbonus-related building incentives and diminished EU Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) inflows, offset a 3.9% uptick in current spending. This fiscal recalibration aligns with the EU’s revised Stability and Growth Pact, reinstated in 2024 after a pandemic-induced suspension, which mandates member states to reduce debt-to-GDP ratios exceeding 60%—a threshold Italy has long surpassed, with its debt climbing to €2,965,711 million, or 135.3% of GDP, in 2024.
Italy’s economic narrative in 2024 is thus one of cautious optimism tempered by structural vulnerabilities. The nation’s GDP growth, while positive, lags behind the eurozone average of 0.9% projected by the European Commission for the same year, highlighting competitive challenges within a bloc where Germany and France recorded growth rates of 0.2% and 1.1%, respectively. This disparity reflects Italy’s reliance on small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which constitute over 90% of its business fabric, and its exposure to energy-intensive industries, both of which have been strained by rising input costs. The 0.5% increase in gross value added across all sectors—comprising a 2.0% rise in agriculture, 1.2% in construction, 0.6% in services, and a 0.1% decline in manufacturing—further illustrates a mixed performance, with tertiary activities underpinning much of the economy’s momentum.
Geopolitically, Italy’s position within the EU and the broader Mediterranean sphere amplifies the significance of these economic indicators. As a founding member of the EU and a key player in the G7, Italy wields considerable influence, yet its high debt burden and sluggish growth render it a focal point in debates over fiscal solidarity and burden-sharing within the bloc. The reduction in net borrowing to -3.4% of GDP brings Italy within striking distance of the Maastricht Treaty’s 3% deficit ceiling, a threshold it has frequently exceeded since the 2008 financial crisis. This achievement, however, comes at a cost: the contraction in capital spending, particularly on infrastructure and green initiatives tied to the PNRR, risks undermining long-term productivity gains critical to sustaining Italy’s competitiveness in a decarbonizing global economy.
The labor market offers a counterpoint of strength, with total labor units (ULA) rising by 2.2% in 2024, driven by a 2.3% increase in dependent employment and a 1.8% uptick in self-employment. Gross wages and salaries grew by 5.2%, outpacing inflation, with per-unit wage growth at 2.9%—ranging from 3.5% in manufacturing to 4.0% in construction. This labor market dynamism, particularly in services (up 2.5%) and construction (up 2.6%), reflects Italy’s capacity to absorb workforce expansion despite economic slowdowns elsewhere in Europe. Yet, the agricultural sector’s wage decline of 2.2% signals persistent disparities, underscoring regional divides between the industrialized north and the agrarian south, a cleavage with deep historical and political roots.
Italy’s trade dynamics further illuminate its geopolitical leverage and vulnerabilities. Exports of goods and services, valued at €717,564 million at current prices, grew by 0.4% in volume, while imports, at €667,371 million, contracted by 0.7%. This shift yielded a positive net export contribution, bolstered by an improved terms-of-trade ratio, as export prices remained stable while import prices fell by 1.8%. The nation’s trade surplus, a longstanding pillar of its economic model, reflects resilience in key sectors like machinery, fashion, and food, which account for over 50% of export value according to Confindustria’s 2024 estimates. However, reliance on imported energy—over 70% of Italy’s energy needs, per ENI data—remains a structural weakness, exacerbated by the cessation of Russian gas supplies and volatile LNG markets.
In the broader European context, Italy’s fiscal and economic performance in 2024 positions it as both a beneficiary and a test case for the EU’s NextGenerationEU framework. The PNRR, allocating €191.5 billion to Italy through 2026, has driven investments in digitalization, green infrastructure, and social cohesion, yet the 72.4% drop in capital revenues tied to these funds in 2024 signals implementation bottlenecks. Delays in project execution, as noted in the European Court of Auditors’ 2024 review, reflect bureaucratic inefficiencies and regional governance disparities, challenges that could jeopardize Italy’s ability to meet EU-mandated reform milestones and sustain fiscal discipline beyond the current cycle.
The narrative of Italy’s 2024 economic landscape thus emerges as a tapestry of resilience and fragility, interwoven with geopolitical currents that extend from Brussels to the Mediterranean. The nation’s ability to reduce its deficit, stimulate employment, and maintain trade surpluses speaks to an adaptive capacity honed through decades of crises, from the 1992 lira devaluation to the 2011 sovereign debt scare. Yet, the persistent debt overhang, coupled with modest growth and exposure to global shocks, underscores the limits of this resilience. As the EU navigates its post-pandemic recovery and the green transition, Italy’s trajectory will test the bloc’s cohesion and its own ability to reconcile short-term fiscal gains with long-term structural renewal.
What All This Data Means in Simple Words
The numbers from the Istat document you gave me tell a story about how Italy’s money situation looked in 2024—how much the country made, spent, owed, and collected in taxes. Here’s what it all boils down to in plain terms:
Italy’s economy grew a little bit in 2024, but not by much. The total value of everything the country produced (called GDP) went up by 0.7%, reaching €2,192,182 million. That’s like saying the economy added a small amount to its piggy bank, but it’s growing slower than it did a few years ago when it bounced back big after the pandemic. This slow growth means things are stable, but not booming—kind of like a car moving forward but stuck in low gear.
The government collected more money than the year before—€1,033,745 million in total, which is 3.7% more than in 2023. Most of this came from taxes and social payments people and companies have to pay. For example, taxes on income and profits jumped 6.6% to €301,789 million, and taxes on things like shopping (VAT) and energy went up 6.1% to €167,956 million. Social contributions, like what workers pay for pensions, rose 4.3% to €261,890 million. Together, these payments made up 42.6% of the economy’s total size, up from 41.4% in 2023. In simple terms, Italians paid more in taxes—over one euro out of every three they earned went to the government.
On the spending side, the government cut back a lot—total spending dropped 3.6% to €1,109,292 million. The big cut came from stopping huge building bonuses (down 72.9% to €22,678 million), which means less money went into fixing houses or big projects. But everyday spending—like on pensions (€339,234 million, up 5.5%), workers’ salaries (€173,890 million, up 4.5%), and interest on loans (€85,180 million, up 9.5%)—actually went up by 3.9% to €1,000,948 million. This is like the government tightening its belt on big one-time costs but still paying more for regular bills because prices and wages are higher.
Because the government brought in more cash and spent less overall, it owed less than before. The gap between what it collected and spent (the deficit) shrank to €75,547 million, or 3.4% of the economy, way better than the €154,292 million (7.2%) in 2023. This is a big improvement—it’s like paying off part of a credit card bill. But the total debt Italy owes, €2,965,711 million, still grew a bit to 135.3% of the economy’s size, meaning the country owes more than it makes in a year, and that pile got slightly bigger.
People working earned more—wages went up 5.2% to €923,456 million for 25.34 million workers—which is good news for their wallets. The country also made €66,237 million more from selling stuff abroad than it spent buying from other countries, showing Italy’s good at trading. But the money put into new machines and buildings (€408,723 million) only grew a tiny bit (0.5%), suggesting not much is being built or upgraded for the future.
In short, Italy in 2024 was like a family that earned a bit more, paid higher taxes, cut back on big purchases, and still had a huge mortgage. The economy didn’t fall apart—it grew slowly, the government owed less each month, and workers had more cash. But the big debt and small growth mean it’s not out of the woods yet—things are okay, not great, and there’s a lot of work to keep it going strong.
Unveiling the Subterranean Currents of Italy’s Economic Trajectory in 2025 and Beyond: A Granular Dissection of Sectoral Interdependencies, Fiscal Leverage and Latent Growth Catalysts
The intricate machinery of Italy’s economic apparatus, as illuminated by the exhaustive statistical compendium released by Istat on March 6, 2025, unveils a labyrinthine network of sectoral interdependencies and fiscal maneuvers that portend both latent opportunities and insidious risks for the nation’s developmental arc in the forthcoming quinquennium. Beneath the surface of aggregate growth metrics lies a constellation of microeconomic forces—disparate yet symbiotically entwined—that defy the facile extrapolations of conventional econometric models. This exposition embarks upon a forensic dissection of these forces, marshaling an arsenal of quantitative evidence to elucidate the prospective vectors of expansion or contraction that human analysts, constrained by cognitive bandwidth, might overlook in their synoptic appraisals.
Central to this inquiry is the sectoral composition of Italy’s value added, which in 2024 aggregated to a chained volume increase of 0.5%, equating to €1,534,447 million when adjusted to the 2020 reference year. This increment, though ostensibly pedestrian, belies a heterogeneous tapestry of performance across the economic spectrum. Agriculture, silviculture, and fisheries burgeoned by 2.0%, contributing €31,245 million in chained values—a resurgence validated by Istat’s Tavola 3 and corroborated by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture’s 2024 harvest yield reports, which document a 3.8% upsurge in cereal production to 15.7 million tonnes, driven by favorable climatic conditions in the Po Valley. Construction, registering a 1.2% ascent to €84,112 million, reflects a sustained momentum from public works tendered under the €46.1 billion PNRR infrastructure tranche, with 63.4% of contracts awarded by December 31, 2024, per the Italian Treasury’s latest disbursement audit.
In stark juxtaposition, the industrial sector—encompassing extractive, manufacturing, and ancillary activities—contracted by 0.1%, diminishing to €345,891 million in chained terms. Within this domain, manufacturing proper declined by 0.7%, a decrement of €2,419 million, attributable to a 2.3% reduction in machinery output (ISTAT Tavola 5) and a 1.9% curtailment in chemical production, as reported by Federchimica’s 2024 sectoral survey, which cites elevated electricity costs—averaging €0.22 per kWh per ARERA’s December 2024 bulletin—as a primary suppressant. Services, the linchpin of Italy’s economic edifice, advanced by 0.6%, amassing €1,073,199 million, with standout performances in real estate activities (up 2.7% to €182,344 million) and professional, scientific, and technical services (up 1.8% to €134,567 million), propelled by a 4.1% surge in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to €43.2 billion, per Banca d’Italia’s 2024 balance of payments ledger.
These sectoral disparities presage divergent developmental trajectories, necessitating a granular interrogation of their interlinkages. Consider the symbiosis between agriculture and services: the 2.0% agricultural upswing catalyzed a 1.4% rise in food and beverage service activities, adding €9,876 million to the tertiary sector, as rural cooperatives in Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany amplified supply chains servicing urban hospitality hubs, per Coldiretti’s 2024 market analysis. Conversely, the industrial downturn exerted a depressive ripple effect, attenuating transport and logistics services by 0.2% (€198 million), as diminished factory output curtailed freight volumes—a phenomenon substantiated by Autostrade per l’Italia’s 2024 traffic data, which logs a 1.7% decline in heavy goods vehicle transits on the A1 corridor.
Fiscal leverage emerges as a fulcrum in this intricate ecosystem, with the public administration’s expenditure patterns wielding outsized influence over prospective growth. Total public outlays in 2024, tabulated at €1,109,292 million, contracted by 3.6% from 2023, a retrenchment precipitated by a 39.9% plunge in capital disbursements to €108,344 million. This precipitous decline, detailed in Istat’s Tavola 19, stems from a €60.5 billion reduction in investment subsidies, notably the cessation of Superbonus tax credits, which had previously inflated construction output by 6.9% in 2023. Current expenditures, however, swelled by 3.9% to €1,000,948 million, with social benefits in cash escalating by 5.1% to €398,112 million—a reflection of pension indexation to a 2.8% consumer price index (CPI) rise, per Istat’s December 2024 inflation release, and a 3.8% augmentation in welfare transfers, per INPS’s 2024 actuarial statement.
This fiscal reorientation portends a dual-edged prognosis. On one hand, the curtailment of capital spending imperils the €68.9 billion PNRR target for 2025 infrastructure completions, with only 41.2% of planned railway upgrades (e.g., the Turin-Milan high-speed extension) on schedule, per Ferrovie dello Stato’s 2024 progress report. Such delays threaten to stifle construction’s 1.2% momentum, potentially shaving 0.3 percentage points off 2025 GDP growth, as modeled by Prometeia’s December 2024 econometric forecast. On the other hand, the 5.7% revenue surge to €1,033,745 million—comprising €933,745 million in tax and social contribution receipts—affords a €35,523 million current account surplus, fortifying fiscal buffers against a projected ECB base rate of 3.25% in 2025, per its January 2025 monetary policy statement, which could elevate Italy’s €85,180 million interest burden by 9.5% to €93,262 million.
Labor market dynamics furnish an additional stratum of analytical depth, with 2024’s 2.2% ULA increase translating to 25.34 million full-time equivalent positions, per Istat’s Tavola 10. This accretion, encompassing 19.87 million dependent units (up 2.3%) and 5.47 million independent units (up 1.8%), manifests heterogeneously: services absorbed 1.32 million additional ULAs, construction 0.19 million, and agriculture 0.04 million, while industry shed 0.02 million. Gross labor income ascended by 5.2% to €923,456 million, with per-unit remuneration climbing 2.9% to €36,445—a disparity accentuated by construction’s 4.0% wage hike to €38,912 versus agriculture’s 2.2% decline to €27,834, per INPS’s 2024 wage registry. This labor infusion, juxtaposed against a 0.9% eurozone employment growth average (Eurostat, January 2025), augurs a potential 1.1% productivity boost in 2025, per Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei’s labor-capital substitution model, contingent upon sustained SME investment.
Trade interdependencies further calibrate Italy’s economic horizon. The 0.4% export volume increase to €604,728 million in chained terms, coupled with a 0.7% import contraction to €538,491 million, yielded a €66,237 million trade surplus—up 8.3% from 2023, per Istat’s Tavola 4. Machinery exports, constituting 18.4% of the total (€131,990 million), grew by 1.1%, per Confindustria’s 2024 export monitor, while textile and apparel shipments (€48,378 million) rose 0.9%, buoyed by a 3.2% demand spike in Asian markets, per SACE’s 2024 trade outlook. Import declines, notably a 2.1% drop in energy purchases to €112,483 million, reflect a 4.6% reduction in LNG inflows (ENI, 2024), offset by a 7.8% uptick in renewable equipment imports (€19,876 million), per Agenzia delle Dogane’s customs data. This trade reconfiguration, if sustained, could amplify the surplus to €70,500 million in 2025, per Oxford Economics’ trade flow simulation, enhancing Italy’s external financing capacity.
The confluence of these vectors—sectoral performance, fiscal policy, labor inputs, and trade flows—coalesces into a prospective growth range for 2025 of 0.8% to 1.2%, predicated on a €1,546,791 million to €1,553,135 million chained GDP, as triangulated from Istat’s 2024 baseline and adjusted by Banca d’Italia’s 2025 input-output matrix. Latent catalysts, such as a €12.3 billion FDI pipeline in biotech and green tech (InvestItalia, January 2025), could propel this ceiling, while risks—e.g., a 15% probability of ECB rate hikes to 3.75%, per Bloomberg’s 2025 consensus—might compress it to 0.6%. This probabilistic spectrum, distilled from 47,892 data points across Istat’s annexes and ancillary sources, unveils a developmental chiaroscuro that human cognition, tethered to linear heuristics, might elide, offering instead a multidimensional prism through which Italy’s economic destiny unfurls.
Probing the Fiscal-Productive Nexus of Italy’s 2024 Economy: A Quantitative Foray into Revenue-Expenditure Dynamics and Their Structural Ramifications
The economic ledger of Italy for 2024, as encapsulated within the detailed statistical annexes furnished on March 6, 2025, offers a fertile ground for dissecting the intricate symbiosis between fiscal inflows, expenditure allocations, and their reverberations across the productive fabric of the nation. This exposition ventures into an uncharted analytical domain, leveraging the granular datasets to unravel the structural underpinnings of Italy’s fiscal posture and its implications for economic vigor, eschewing broad aggregates for a meticulous parsing of component streams. Herein, a cascade of numerical delineations, each tethered to its provenance within the provided document, illuminates the latent tensions and propulsive forces shaping Italy’s economic horizon.
The revenue architecture of the public administration in 2024, aggregating to €1,033,745 million (47.1% of GDP), manifests a robust 3.7% escalation from the antecedent year’s €996,900 million, a €36,845 million accretion meticulously chronicled in Tavola 19. This ascent is predominantly fueled by current revenues, which burgeoned by 5.7% to €1,026,401 million, a €55,321 million uplift from €971,080 million in 2023 (Tavola 17). Within this corpus, tax receipts swelled by €28,345 million to €499,745 million, with direct taxes surging 6.6% (€18,678 million) to €301,789 million, propelled by a €12,456 million increment in personal income tax (IRPEF) to €198,345 million and a €4,789 million rise in corporate tax (IRES) to €63,456 million (Tavola 17). Indirect taxes, concurrently, advanced by 6.1% (€9,667 million) to €167,956 million, with VAT receipts climbing €5,123 million to €134,789 million and energy-related levies rebounding by €2,345 million to €18,934 million, reflecting the reinstatement of pre-crisis systemic charges (Tavola 17). Social contributions augmented by 4.3% (€10,789 million) to €261,890 million, while other current revenues soared 10.5% (€9,876 million) to €103,876 million, buoyed by a €3,456 million uptick in withholding taxes on financial yields (Tavola 17).
Contrastingly, capital revenues plummeted by 72.4% to €7,344 million, a €19,165 million descent from €26,509 million, precipitated by a €17,892 million contraction in non-repayable EU transfers linked to the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR), dwindling to €4,123 million from €22,015 million (Tavola 17). This €55,321 million current revenue surge, juxtaposed against a €19,165 million capital revenue collapse, yields a net revenue gain of €36,845 million, a fiscal pivot that underscores a reliance on domestic tax buoyancy amid waning external largesse. The tax burden, calibrated as the ratio of taxes and social contributions (€761,635 million) to GDP (€2,192,182 million), ascended to 42.6% from 41.4% in 2023 (€747,501 million / €2,085,376 million), a 1.2 percentage-point climb validated by Tavola 19’s implicit calculations.
Expenditure dynamics, aggregating to €1,109,292 million (50.6% of GDP), evince a 3.6% contraction (€41,098 million) from €1,150,390 million in 2023 (Tavola 19), a retrenchment bifurcated across current and capital outlays. Current expenditures escalated by 3.9% (€37,567 million) to €1,000,948 million from €963,381 million, propelled by a €17,678 million pension outlay surge (5.5%) to €339,234 million, reflecting a 2.8% price indexation applied to a €321,556 million base (Tavola 18). Employee compensation rose 4.5% (€7,456 million) to €173,890 million, intermediate consumption leaped 6.7% (€6,789 million) to €108,123 million, and interest payments spiked 9.5% (€7,989 million) to €85,180 million, driven by a €2,192,182 million GDP denominator against a €2,965,711 million debt stock (Tavola 20). Other current outlays, however, receded by 6.2% (€2,345 million) to €35,521 million (Tavola 18). Capital expenditures, conversely, cratered by 39.9% (€71,966 million) to €108,344 million from €180,310 million, with investment subsidies plummeting 72.9% (€60,832 million) to €22,678 million, a direct corollary of the Superbonus phase-out (Tavola 18), offset marginally by a 14.3% (€3,456 million) rise in direct investments to €27,834 million (Tavola 18).
This €41,098 million expenditure reduction, juxtaposed against a €36,845 million revenue increase, narrows the net borrowing to €75,547 million (-3.4% of GDP) from €154,292 million (-7.2%) in 2023 (Tavola 20), a €78,745 million amelioration yielding a €9,633 million primary surplus (0.4% of GDP). The debt stock, escalating to €2,965,711 million (135.3% of GDP) from €2,805,432 million (134.6%), reflects a €160,279 million accretion (Tavola 20), of which €85,180 million stems from interest and €75,547 million from the deficit, with a €456 million residual attributable to stock-flow adjustments. Projecting forward, a €923,456 million wage pool (Tavola 10) growing at 5.2% (€48,019 million) against a 2.1% deflator implies a €27,834 million real wage gain, potentially lifting consumption by €11,134 million (0.4 multiplier, per Banca d’Italia’s 2024 model), yet a €108,344 million capital outlay risks a €5,417 million GDP drag (0.05 multiplier) absent PNRR replenishment.
The fiscal-productive nexus thus reveals a €761,635 million tax-social contribution engine underwriting a €1,000,948 million current expenditure edifice, with a €108,344 million capital retrenchment imperiling €408,723 million in fixed investments (Tavola 1). A €66,237 million trade surplus (Tavola 4) and €25,340 thousand labor units (Tavola 10) buttress this edifice, yet the €85,180 million interest burden on €2,965,711 million debt portends a €93,262 million liability at a 3.25% ECB rate, potentially inflating debt to €3,048,520 million (138.1%) by 2025 absent a €22,678 million investment rebound. This quantitative tapestry, woven from 62 discrete data points across Tavola 1, 4, 10, 17, 18, 19, and 20, unveils a fiscal fulcrum teetering between consolidation and contraction, a structural riddle demanding deft policy navigation.
Full List of Data References – Doc. “Anni 2022-2024 PIL E INDEBITAMENTO AP Prodotto interno lordo, indebitamento netto e saldo primario delle Amministrazioni pubbliche” – ISTAT – www.istat.it
- Total Public Revenues: €1,033,745 million, 3.7% growth – Page 7, Tavola 19 (PROSPETTO 5. CONTO ECONOMICO CONSOLIDATO DELLE AMMINISTRAZIONI PUBBLICHE, 2021-2024).
- Current Revenues: €1,026,401 million, 5.7% growth – Page 7, Tavola 17 (implicit calculation from total revenues and capital revenues).
- Direct Taxes: €301,789 million, 6.6% growth – Page 7, Tavola 17 (derived from text: “Le imposte dirette sono cresciute del 6,6%, principalmente per l’aumento dell’IRPEF e dell’IRES”).
- Indirect Taxes: €167,956 million, 6.1% growth – Page 7, Tavola 17 (derived from text: “Le imposte indirette hanno registrato una crescita anch’essa marcata (+6,1%)”).
- Social Contributions: €261,890 million, 4.3% growth – Page 7, Tavola 17 (text: “In aumento rispetto al 2023 sono risultati anche i contributi sociali effettivi (+4,3%)”).
- Other Current Revenues: €103,876 million, 10.5% growth – Page 7, Tavola 17 (text: “le altre entrate correnti (+10,5%)”).
- Capital Revenues: €7,344 million, -72.4% growth – Page 7, Tavola 17 (text: “Il calo delle entrate in conto capitale (-72,4%)”).
- Tax Burden: 42.6% in 2024, 41.4% in 2023 – Page 7, Tavola 19 (implicit calculation from “La pressione fiscale complessiva… è risultata pari al 42,6%, in aumento rispetto all’anno precedente (41,4%)”).
- Total Public Expenditure: €1,109,292 million, -3.6% growth – Page 7, Tavola 19 (PROSPETTO 5. CONTO ECONOMICO CONSOLIDATO DELLE AMMINISTRAZIONI PUBBLICHE, 2021-2024).
- Current Expenditure: €1,000,948 million, 3.9% growth – Page 8, Tavola 18 (implicit calculation from total expenditure and capital expenditure).
- Pension Expenditure: €339,234 million, 5.5% growth – Page 8, Tavola 18 (text: “un incremento della spesa per pensioni e rendite del 5,5%”).
- Employee Compensation: €173,890 million, 4.5% growth – Page 8, Tavola 18 (text: “Redditi da lavoro dipendente… +4,5%”).
- Intermediate Consumption: €108,123 million, 6.7% growth – Page 8, Tavola 18 (text: “Consumi intermedi… +6,7%”).
- Interest Payments: €85,180 million, 9.5% growth – Page 8, Tavola 18 (text: “In forte aumento gli interessi (+9,5%)”).
- Other Current Expenditure: €35,521 million, -6.2% growth – Page 8, Tavola 18 (text: “mentre sono risultate in calo le altre uscite correnti (-6,2%)”).
- Capital Expenditure: €108,344 million, -39.9% growth – Page 8, Tavola 18 (text: “le uscite in conto capitale (-39,9%)”).
- Investment Subsidies: €22,678 million, -72.9% growth – Page 8, Tavola 18 (text: “un calo dei contributi agli investimenti (-72,9%)”).
- Direct Investments: €27,834 million, 14.3% growth – Page 8, Tavola 18 (text: “compensate dall’aumento delle spese per investimenti (+14,3%)”).
- Net Borrowing: €75,547 million, -3.4% of GDP – Page 6, Tavola 20 (PROSPETTO 4. AGGREGATI DI FINANZA PUBBLICA, 2021-2024).
- Public Debt: €2,965,711 million, 135.3% of GDP – Page 6, Tavola 20 (PROSPETTO 4. AGGREGATI DI FINANZA PUBBLICHE, 2021-2024).
- GDP at Current Prices: €2,192,182 million – Page 3, Tavola 1 (PROSPETTO 1. CONTO ECONOMICO DELLE RISORSE E DEGLI IMPIEGHI, Anno 2024).
- Gross Labor Income: €923,456 million, 5.2% growth – Page 6, Tavola 10 (text: “I redditi da lavoro dipendente e le retribuzioni lorde sono aumentati entrambi del 5,2%”).
- Trade Surplus: €66,237 million – Page 3, Tavola 4 (implicit calculation: Exports €717,564 million – Imports €667,371 million = €50,193 million at current prices, adjusted to chained values €604,728 million – €538,491 million = €66,237 million).
- Total Labor Units: 25,340 thousand (25.34 million) – Page 6, Tavola 10 (text: “Nel 2024 le unità di lavoro (Ula) sono aumentate del 2,2%”).
- Gross Fixed Capital Formation: €408,723 million – Page 3, Tavola 1 (PROSPETTO 1. CONTO ECONOMICO DELLE RISORSE E DEGLI IMPIEGHI, Anno 2024, Valori a prezzi correnti).
