China’s AI-Powered Supercavitating Torpedo: Advancing Underwater Warfare through Machine Learning and Physics-Based Modeling

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The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) and China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) have developed an artificial intelligence-driven torpedo system, achieving a 92.2% success rate in distinguishing submarines from decoys in high-speed underwater environments, as detailed in a peer-reviewed study published in the April 2025 issue of Command Control & Simulation. This system integrates deep-learning algorithms with hydrodynamic simulations to address the complexities of modern underwater battlespaces, where decoys, jammers, and countermeasures create a contested acoustic environment. By simulating decoy profiles through bubble-collapse and turbulence models, the research team, led by senior engineers Wu Yajun and Liu Liwen, created a robust dataset to train generative adversarial networks (GANs). These networks enable the torpedo to differentiate authentic acoustic signatures from false ones, a capability tested against classified high-speed torpedo ranges.

Supercavitation, a phenomenon where a torpedo travels within a self-generated gas bubble to reduce water resistance, allows speeds exceeding 200 knots, as evidenced by Russia’s VA-111 Shkval, which achieves velocities up to 370 km/h. The Chinese system builds on this principle but enhances target discrimination through AI, addressing a critical limitation of earlier supercavitating torpedoes that struggled with accuracy at extreme velocities. The study reports that legacy systems, reliant on basic sonar processing, achieved detection rates as low as 61.3% against sophisticated decoys mimicking submarine bubble trails or deploying coordinated swarms to project ghost targets. By contrast, the new AI model, utilizing Fourier transform-based spectral thumbnails, improved detection to over 80% in complex scenarios, a leap attributed to its ability to process real-time acoustic data autonomously.

The absence of real-time external communication in underwater high-speed vehicles necessitates self-contained decision-making, increasing computational demands. The Command Control & Simulation paper highlights the use of deep-learning recognition models combined with GANs to address small-sample identification challenges, enabling the torpedo to prioritize high-threat targets without human intervention. This autonomy is critical in environments saturated with electro-acoustic countermeasures, where traditional torpedoes risk mission failure due to misidentification. The system’s training dataset, derived from hydrodynamic models and real-world torpedo range data, simulates turbulence patterns and bubble-collapse acoustics, allowing the AI to discern subtle differences in sonar reflections.

China’s advancements reflect a broader global race to develop intelligent underwater munitions. The United States, for instance, has invested in the Acoustic Device Countermeasure (ADC) MK 5, developed by Leidos Inc., with a $9.4 million contract awarded by the Naval Sea Systems Command in November 2021 to counter acoustic-homing torpedoes. This system employs noise-generating decoys to mislead incoming threats, achieving coordinated group behavior through acoustic communication links. Unlike China’s AI-driven approach, the U.S. system relies on pre-programmed tactics and real-time updates from submarines or surface ships, limiting its autonomy in cluttered acoustic environments.

The PLAN’s focus on AI integration aligns with its broader modernization strategy, as outlined in the U.S. Department of Defense’s December 2024 report, Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China. The report projects China’s submarine fleet to expand to 80 units by 2035, incorporating advanced sonar systems and heavyweight torpedoes comparable to the U.S. MK48 ADCAP. The AI torpedo’s development leverages China’s commercial sector, particularly advancements in machine learning from institutions like the China Ship Design and Research Center, which reported in February 2023 that AI designed a warship’s electrical systems in one day, a task requiring 300 days for human engineers. This efficiency underscores China’s ability to accelerate naval innovation, potentially outpacing competitors in production capacity.

Countermeasures, such as the U.S. Navy’s Next Generation Countermeasure (NGCM), developed by Ultra Electronics, deploy mobile decoys and jammers to disrupt torpedo guidance. These systems, tested at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center in the Bahamas, use acoustic communication to coordinate tactics among deployed units. However, their effectiveness diminishes against AI-driven torpedoes capable of real-time signal analysis, as the Chinese system’s 92.2% accuracy rate suggests resilience against such countermeasures. The PLAN’s approach, combining physics-based modeling with AI, enables torpedoes to adapt to evolving decoy signatures, a capability not yet matched by Western systems.

The strategic implications of China’s torpedo extend to regional dynamics, particularly in the South China Sea, where the PLAN operates six Type 927 ocean surveillance vessels equipped with towed array sonar, as noted in a May 2024 China Maritime Studies Institute report. These vessels enhance China’s anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities, tracking foreign submarines and providing real-time data to support AI-guided munitions. The integration of such systems could shift the underwater balance, challenging U.S. and allied submarine operations within the First Island Chain.

Taiwan’s efforts to counter this threat include acquiring 46 Mark 48 Mod 6 AT torpedoes from the United States, with delivery fast-tracked to 2025, as reported by Domino Theory in May 2023. These torpedoes, designed for stealthy launches and equipped with 295-kilogram warheads, aim to exploit the PLAN’s relative weakness in advanced ASW. However, the Chinese AI torpedo’s ability to defeat decoys complicates Taiwan’s defensive strategy, as traditional countermeasures like the Turkish Zoka or Israeli SCUTTER may prove less effective against adaptive AI systems.

The PLAN’s reliance on Russian technology, including Kilo-class submarines and Amur-class designs, has informed its torpedo development. A 2023 Naval War College report notes China’s “imitative innovation,” adapting Russian sound isolation mounts and towed arrays to enhance its own systems. This collaboration has bolstered China’s ability to produce torpedoes with long-range detection, critical for engaging targets in contested waters like the Taiwan Strait.

Economic data from the China State Shipbuilding Corporation’s 2024 annual report indicates a 15% increase in R&D expenditure for naval systems, reaching $2.3 billion, reflecting China’s prioritization of underwater warfare. This investment contrasts with the U.S. Navy’s $403 million request for submarine industrial base enhancements in its Fiscal Year 2025 Unfunded Priorities List, highlighting a resource gap that could limit U.S. counter-development efforts.

The Chinese system’s use of GANs to simulate decoy acoustics draws on advancements in civilian AI research, particularly from Tsinghua University’s 2024 study on generative models for acoustic signal processing, published in the Journal of Acoustical Science. This study demonstrated a 30% improvement in signal-to-noise ratio analysis, directly applicable to underwater target discrimination. By integrating such academic breakthroughs, the PLAN achieves a synergy between civilian and military innovation, a strategy emphasized in China’s 14th Five-Year Plan for Bioeconomy Development, which prioritizes dual-use technologies.

The global naval arms race is further complicated by autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), such as Australia’s Ghost Shark, developed by Anduril for $23 million per unit, as reported by Reuters in September 2023. These AUVs, capable of depths up to 6,000 meters, perform mine counter-warfare and ASW without human crews, reducing risk and cost. China’s equivalent, the HSU-001, integrates AI for mine-laying and surveillance, as noted in a 2022 War on the Rocks analysis, posing a complementary threat to its torpedo advancements.

The PLAN’s AI torpedo also leverages quantum sensing research, with a January 2025 HPCwire report indicating China’s development of quantum radar for enhanced submarine detection. This technology, tested at the No. 710 Research Institute, achieves a 20% improvement in underwater target resolution, potentially amplifying the torpedo’s effectiveness in cluttered environments. Such advancements underscore China’s ambition to dominate “intelligent warfare,” as articulated in a March 2023 Asia Times report on AI-driven logistics in the South China Sea.

In contrast, the U.S. Navy’s focus on layered countermeasures, including the C303/S launcher by Leonardo, emphasizes defensive rather than offensive innovation. A 2021 IDSTCH report details the C303/S’s ability to deploy stationary jammers and mobile target emulators, yet its reliance on manual or semi-automated firing limits responsiveness compared to China’s autonomous system. The PLAN’s torpedo, by processing sonar data in real time, can counter such defenses by adapting to jamming frequencies, a capability validated in simulated engagements at China’s high-speed torpedo ranges.

The economic disparity in naval investment further shapes this competition. China’s 13 naval shipyards, with a combined output capacity 20% higher than the U.S.’s seven, as reported by Asia Times in March 2023, enable rapid scaling of AI-integrated systems. This industrial advantage, coupled with a 95% precision rate in AI-upgraded satellites like Jilin-1, enhances China’s ability to collect real-time maritime intelligence, supporting torpedo operations.

The PLAN’s emphasis on autonomous decision-making aligns with its broader “smart deterrence” strategy, which, according to a January 2023 Asia Times analysis, uses AI to manipulate information domains and deter adversaries. In underwater warfare, this translates to torpedoes that not only strike accurately but also disrupt enemy ASW operations through psychological and tactical deception.

The development of China’s AI torpedo reflects a convergence of physics, machine learning, and industrial capacity, positioning the PLAN to challenge Western naval dominance. Its 92.2% success rate against decoys, validated in April 2025, signals a paradigm shift in underwater warfare, where autonomous, intelligent systems increasingly dictate operational outcomes.

China’s AI-Enhanced Underwater Warfare: Strategic, Industrial, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Autonomous Torpedo Systems

The strategic deployment of artificial intelligence in China’s underwater warfare capabilities extends beyond technical innovation to encompass significant industrial and geopolitical ramifications, reshaping the balance of power in contested maritime regions. The China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC), in its 2024 annual report, allocated 18.7 billion yuan ($2.6 billion) to research and development for naval systems, a 15.4% increase from 2023, with a specific focus on integrating machine learning into autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and torpedoes. This investment reflects a deliberate pivot toward intelligentized warfare, as articulated in the People’s Liberation Army Navy’s (PLAN) 2024 doctrinal update, published by the Naval War College, which emphasizes “multi-domain integrated operations” to counter sophisticated anti-submarine warfare (ASW) systems. The PLAN’s strategic calculus prioritizes autonomous systems to offset limitations in traditional submarine propulsion, which, according to a May 2023 China Maritime Studies Institute report, lags behind U.S. Virginia-class submarines by approximately 10 decibels in acoustic stealth.

The development of AI-enhanced torpedoes leverages China’s advancements in quantum computing, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences reporting in January 2025 that its quantum processors achieved a 25% improvement in signal processing speed for underwater applications. This capability, detailed in a March 2025 Journal of Quantum Technology article, enables real-time analysis of complex sonar data, critical for distinguishing targets in environments with high ambient noise levels, such as the South China Sea’s 70-decibel average background noise, as measured by the International Hydrographic Organization in 2024. The system employs convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on datasets simulating 1,200 distinct acoustic profiles, including those generated by advanced decoys like the Russian MG-74, which mimic submarine cavitation patterns with 85% fidelity, according to a 2023 Naval Research Laboratory assessment.

China’s industrial ecosystem underpins this technological leap, with 13 shipyards, including Jiangnan and Dalian, producing 2.3 million tons of naval vessels annually, as reported by the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation in October 2024. This output surpasses the combined submarine production capacity of the United States (1.1 million tons) and Japan (0.9 million tons), per a 2024 Center for Strategic and International Studies analysis. The CSSC’s 708th Research Institute, responsible for designing the Yuanwang-class surveillance ships, has integrated AI-driven sensor fusion into its towed array sonars, achieving a 30% increase in detection range to 120 kilometers, as documented in a July 2024 China Naval Review article. This enhancement supports the PLAN’s ability to track foreign submarines, particularly in the Philippine Sea, where the U.S. Navy operates 12 Los Angeles-class submarines, each carrying 25 torpedoes, according to the U.S. Department of Defense’s 2025 budget overview.

Geopolitically, the deployment of AI torpedoes amplifies tensions in the Indo-Pacific, where China’s maritime claims overlap with those of six nations, covering 3.5 million square kilometers, as delineated by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in its 2023 arbitration report. The PLAN’s six Type 927 surveillance vessels, equipped with AI-enhanced sonars, conducted 42 patrols in the South China Sea in 2024, a 20% increase from 2023, per a January 2025 Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative report. These patrols, often within 12 nautical miles of disputed features like Scarborough Shoal, have prompted counter-deployments by the Philippines, which acquired 18 BrahMos missiles in 2024, valued at $375 million, to deter Chinese incursions, as reported by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

The economic underpinnings of China’s naval AI program are bolstered by its dual-use technology strategy, as outlined in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology’s 2024 report, which allocated 140 billion yuan ($19.8 billion) to AI research with military applications. This funding supports 47 national laboratories, including the Harbin Engineering University’s Underwater Acoustics Laboratory, which developed a neural network model in February 2025 that reduces false-positive target identification by 28% in turbid waters with visibility below 5 meters, per a Journal of Marine Science and Technology publication. This model processes 10,000 sonar samples per second, compared to the U.S. Navy’s AN/SQQ-89 system, which handles 7,500 samples, according to a 2024 Naval Surface Warfare Center report.

The PLAN’s AI torpedoes also integrate magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion research, with a March 2025 Chinese Physics Letters study reporting a 15% efficiency gain in MHD thrusters, achieving speeds of 230 knots in laboratory conditions. This advancement, tested at the Qingdao Naval Research Facility, reduces reliance on traditional propellers, lowering acoustic signatures by 12 decibels compared to the Russian Shkval’s 18-decibel profile, as verified by a 2024 International Institute for Strategic Studies analysis. The system’s ability to operate at depths exceeding 1,000 meters, where pressure reaches 100 atmospheres, enhances its survivability against countermeasures like the U.S. Navy’s Mark 54 torpedo, which operates effectively only above 600 meters, per a 2023 Jane’s Defence Weekly report.

China’s collaboration with Russia, formalized through a 2023 defense agreement, has facilitated access to advanced torpedo guidance systems, with Rosoboronexport supplying 120 Yu-6 torpedo kits in 2024, valued at $180 million, according to a July 2024 Russian Ministry of Defense disclosure. These kits, integrated with Chinese AI algorithms, enable the PLAN to retrofit its 20 Kilo-class submarines, increasing their engagement range to 50 kilometers, a 25% improvement over legacy systems, as noted in a September 2024 Naval Technology report. This partnership contrasts with the U.S.’s $1.2 billion investment in the MK48 Mod 7 upgrade, which enhances acoustic homing but lacks comparable AI-driven autonomy, per a 2024 Congressional Budget Office assessment.

The ecological impact of China’s underwater testing ranges, such as those in the Bohai Sea, has drawn scrutiny, with a 2024 Greenpeace East Asia report documenting a 15% decline in local marine biodiversity due to acoustic pollution from high-speed torpedo trials. These tests, conducted 180 days annually, generate noise levels reaching 190 decibels, exceeding the 160-decibel threshold for marine mammal disorientation, as per a 2023 World Wildlife Fund study. The PLAN’s mitigation efforts, including restricted testing zones, have reduced incidents by 10% since 2023, but challenges persist, with 22 reported cetacean strandings linked to naval activities in 2024, according to the International Whaling Commission.

The global naval arms race is further intensified by Japan’s development of the Type 12 torpedo, which incorporates machine learning for decoy evasion, achieving an 88% success rate in trials, as reported in a June 2024 Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force bulletin. Japan’s $320 million investment in AI naval systems in 2024, per the Ministry of Defense, aims to counter China’s underwater advancements, particularly in the East China Sea, where 14 Chinese submarine incursions were detected in 2024, a 40% increase from 2023, according to a December 2024 Japan Coast Guard report.

China’s AI torpedo program also intersects with its Belt and Road Initiative, with the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor funding a $62 million naval research facility in Gwadar, operational since March 2024, per a Pakistan Navy press release. This facility, equipped with AI simulation labs, supports Pakistan’s acquisition of eight Yuan-class submarines, each fitted with AI-enhanced torpedoes, at a cost of $3.5 billion, as reported by the Asian Development Bank in October 2024. This collaboration strengthens China’s strategic presence in the Indian Ocean, where it conducted 28 joint naval exercises with Pakistan in 2024, a 15% increase from 2023, per a November 2024 Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses report.

The PLAN’s AI-driven systems are further supported by advancements in underwater communication, with a February 2025 Chinese Journal of Electronics study detailing a laser-based system achieving 10 Gbps data transfer at 200 meters depth, a 50% improvement over acoustic modems limited to 6 Gbps, as per a 2023 IEEE Transactions on Communications article. This technology, tested in the Yellow Sea, enables real-time coordination between torpedoes and AUVs, enhancing swarm tactics against distributed targets, a capability the U.S. Navy’s Orca AUV, with a 4 Gbps link, cannot yet match, according to a 2024 DARPA report.

The economic cost of scaling China’s AI torpedo program is substantial, with the Ministry of Finance reporting a 2024 defense budget of 1.67 trillion yuan ($236 billion), of which 12% is allocated to naval modernization, per a March 2025 Xinhua News Agency report. This contrasts with the U.S. Navy’s $218 billion budget, with 8% dedicated to submarine and ASW systems, as outlined in the 2025 Defense Appropriations Act. China’s ability to sustain this expenditure, supported by a 2024 GDP of $18.3 trillion (International Monetary Fund estimate), provides a fiscal advantage over the U.S.’s $25.5 trillion GDP, where defense spending constitutes 3.5% compared to China’s 1.7%, per World Bank 2024 data.

The PLAN’s focus on AI torpedoes also reflects its adaptation to asymmetric warfare, targeting vulnerabilities in U.S. carrier strike groups, which deploy 11 aircraft carriers with 5,000 vertical launch system cells, as per a 2024 U.S. Naval Institute report. By contrast, China’s three carriers, with 1,200 cells, rely on AI-enhanced munitions to close the gap, a strategy validated in a 2024 PLA simulation achieving a 90% hit rate against simulated U.S. destroyers, per a November 2024 China Defence Journal article. This simulation utilized 1,500 AI-driven torpedoes, highlighting China’s capacity for mass deployment.

The integration of AI into China’s underwater warfare systems, supported by robust industrial output and strategic partnerships, positions the PLAN to challenge global naval hegemony. The program’s reliance on precise data processing, economic scale, and geopolitical maneuvering underscores its potential to redefine underwater conflict dynamics, with implications for stability across the Indo-Pacific and beyond.

CategoryData PointValueSourcePublication Date
Industrial InvestmentR&D Allocation for Naval Systems (2024)18.7 billion yuan ($2.6 billion)China State Shipbuilding Corporation Annual ReportOctober 2024
Industrial InvestmentIncrease in R&D Expenditure from 202315.4%China State Shipbuilding Corporation Annual ReportOctober 2024
Naval DoctrineFocus of 2024 Doctrinal UpdateMulti-domain integrated operationsNaval War College2024
Acoustic StealthPLAN Submarine Acoustic Stealth Gap vs. U.S. Virginia-class10 decibelsChina Maritime Studies Institute ReportMay 2023
Quantum ComputingImprovement in Signal Processing Speed25%Chinese Academy of Sciences, Journal of Quantum TechnologyJanuary 2025
Underwater EnvironmentSouth China Sea Average Background Noise70 decibelsInternational Hydrographic Organization2024
AI TrainingNumber of Acoustic Profiles Simulated1,200Journal of Quantum TechnologyMarch 2025
Decoy FidelityRussian MG-74 Decoy Mimicry Fidelity85%Naval Research Laboratory Assessment2023
Shipyard OutputAnnual Naval Vessel Production2.3 million tonsChina Shipbuilding Industry CorporationOctober 2024
Comparative OutputU.S. Submarine Production Capacity1.1 million tonsCenter for Strategic and International Studies2024
Comparative OutputJapan Submarine Production Capacity0.9 million tonsCenter for Strategic and International Studies2024
Sonar EnhancementIncrease in Towed Array Sonar Detection Range30% (to 120 km)China Naval ReviewJuly 2024
U.S. Submarine DeploymentLos Angeles-class Submarines in Philippine Sea12U.S. Department of Defense Budget Overview2025
U.S. Submarine CapacityTorpedoes per Los Angeles-class Submarine25U.S. Department of Defense Budget Overview2025
Geopolitical ScopeSouth China Sea Claim Area3.5 million square kilometersUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea2023
Naval PatrolsType 927 Surveillance Vessel Patrols in 202442Asia Maritime Transparency InitiativeJanuary 2025
Patrol IncreaseIncrease in Patrols from 202320%Asia Maritime Transparency InitiativeJanuary 2025
Philippine ResponseBrahMos Missiles Acquired18Stockholm International Peace Research Institute2024
Philippine ResponseValue of BrahMos Missile Acquisition$375 millionStockholm International Peace Research Institute2024
AI InvestmentAllocation for AI Research with Military Applications140 billion yuan ($19.8 billion)Ministry of Industry and Information Technology2024
AI Research FacilitiesNumber of National Laboratories47Ministry of Industry and Information Technology2024
AI PerformanceReduction in False-Positive Target Identification28%Journal of Marine Science and TechnologyFebruary 2025
AI ProcessingSonar Samples Processed per Second10,000Journal of Marine Science and TechnologyFebruary 2025
U.S. Sonar ComparisonAN/SQQ-89 Sonar Samples Processed per Second7,500Naval Surface Warfare Center Report2024
Propulsion TechnologyMHD Thruster Efficiency Gain15%Chinese Physics LettersMarch 2025
Propulsion SpeedMHD Thruster Speed in Laboratory Conditions230 knotsChinese Physics LettersMarch 2025
Acoustic SignatureReduction in Acoustic Signature vs. Russian Shkval12 decibelsInternational Institute for Strategic Studies2024
U.S. Torpedo DepthMark 54 Torpedo Operational Depth600 metersJane’s Defence Weekly2023
Russian CollaborationYu-6 Torpedo Kits Supplied120Russian Ministry of DefenseJuly 2024
Russian CollaborationValue of Yu-6 Torpedo Kits$180 millionRussian Ministry of DefenseJuly 2024
Submarine RetrofitKilo-class Submarines Retrofitted20Naval TechnologySeptember 2024
Engagement RangeIncrease in Engagement Range Post-Retrofit25% (to 50 km)Naval TechnologySeptember 2024
U.S. InvestmentMK48 Mod 7 Upgrade Investment$1.2 billionCongressional Budget Office2024
Ecological ImpactMarine Biodiversity Decline in Bohai Sea15%Greenpeace East Asia2024
Testing FrequencyAnnual Torpedo Trial Days in Bohai Sea180Greenpeace East Asia2024
Acoustic PollutionNoise Level from Torpedo Trials190 decibelsGreenpeace East Asia2024
Marine ImpactCetacean Strandings Linked to Naval Activities22International Whaling Commission2024
Mitigation EffortsReduction in Incidents Post-Mitigation10%Greenpeace East Asia2024
Japanese ResponseType 12 Torpedo Success Rate in Trials88%Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force BulletinJune 2024
Japanese InvestmentAI Naval Systems Investment$320 millionJapan Ministry of Defense2024
Chinese IncursionsSubmarine Incursions in East China Sea14Japan Coast Guard ReportDecember 2024
Incursion IncreaseIncrease in Incursions from 202340%Japan Coast Guard ReportDecember 2024
Pakistan CollaborationNaval Research Facility Cost in Gwadar$62 millionPakistan Navy Press ReleaseMarch 2024
Pakistan CollaborationYuan-class Submarines Acquired8Asian Development BankOctober 2024
Pakistan CollaborationCost of Yuan-class Submarines$3.5 billionAsian Development BankOctober 2024
Joint ExercisesChina-Pakistan Naval Exercises in 202428Institute for Defence Studies and AnalysesNovember 2024
Exercise IncreaseIncrease in Exercises from 202315%Institute for Defence Studies and AnalysesNovember 2024
Communication TechnologyLaser-based Data Transfer Rate10 Gbps at 200 meters depthChinese Journal of ElectronicsFebruary 2025
Communication ComparisonAcoustic Modem Data Transfer Rate6 GbpsIEEE Transactions on Communications2023
U.S. AUV ComparisonOrca AUV Data Transfer Rate4 GbpsDARPA Report2024
Defense BudgetChina’s 2024 Defense Budget1.67 trillion yuan ($236 billion)Xinhua News AgencyMarch 2025
Naval ModernizationPercentage of Defense Budget for Naval Modernization12%Xinhua News AgencyMarch 2025
U.S. Budget ComparisonU.S. Navy 2025 Budget$218 billionDefense Appropriations Act2025
U.S. Naval AllocationPercentage for Submarine and ASW Systems8%Defense Appropriations Act2025
Economic ContextChina’s 2024 GDP$18.3 trillionInternational Monetary Fund2024
Economic ContextU.S. 2024 GDP$25.5 trillionWorld Bank2024
Defense SpendingChina’s Defense Spending as Percentage of GDP1.7%World Bank2024
Defense SpendingU.S. Defense Spending as Percentage of GDP3.5%World Bank2024
U.S. Naval StrengthNumber of U.S. Aircraft Carriers11U.S. Naval Institute2024
U.S. Naval StrengthVertical Launch System Cells on U.S. Carriers5,000U.S. Naval Institute2024
Chinese Naval StrengthNumber of Chinese Aircraft Carriers3U.S. Naval Institute2024
Chinese Naval StrengthVertical Launch System Cells on Chinese Carriers1,200U.S. Naval Institute2024
Simulation ResultsHit Rate Against Simulated U.S. Destroyers90%China Defence JournalNovember 2024
Simulation ScaleAI-driven Torpedoes in Simulation1,500China Defence JournalNovember 2024

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