Teens who donate blood are at significant risk for long-term iron deficiency, a new study warns.
The concern comes as 16- to 18-year-olds have emerged as one of the fastest-growing groups of blood donors nationwide. But this study of nearly 31,000 teens who gave blood more than once between 2016 and 2018 found that roughly one in 10 were already iron-deficient when they donated for the first time.
And a year later, one-third of the girls and about 15% of the boys still had low iron levels, according to the report published online June 5 in the journal Pediatrics.
“Blood loss of any kind is a common cause of iron deficiency in the U.S.,” said lead author Dr. Ralph Vassallo. And “blood donation results in the loss of iron-containing red blood cells,” he added.
Vassallo is chief medical and scientific officer at Vitalant in Scottsdale, Ariz., a nonprofit that collects and distributes volunteer blood donations in 27 states.
The researchers pointed out that the teen donations occur against a backdrop of rapid growth, the start of menstruation for girls and less-healthy eating habits. All affect iron levels.
Dr. Alan Mast, chairman for blood research at the Versiti Blood Research Institute in Milwaukee, Wisc., wrote an editorial that accompanied the study findings.
Mast pointed out that menstruation contributes to iron loss among teen girls and women, but after several blood donations, males will also develop iron deficiency.
Donors are not required have their iron levels tested.The consequences of iron deficiency can be significant.
The kind sometimes seen in blood donors of any age can undermine exercise performance, lead to lower infant birth weights, and trigger cravings for non-food items such as ice, clay or starch, according to Vassallo.
So U.S. blood centers recommend that all donors take low-dose (18 to 28 milligrams) iron for 60 days after donating “to quickly replace just the amount of iron lost during donation.”
Vassallo said most teen donors could safely take low-dose iron indefinitely. Most fall short of the daily recommended 11 mg for boys and 15 mg for girls. Foods that are good sources of iron include fortified cereals, some beans, lean beef and liver, spinach, tofu and potatoes.
About 79% of girls and 75% of boys in the new study were first-time blood donors, the study authors noted.
The vast majority (96% of girls and 74% of boys) gave whole blood (WB), meaning the full gamut of red cells, white cells, platelets and plasma. Such donations lead to loss of about 250 mg of iron, according to study background notes.
A smaller number made “double red blood cell” (2RBC) donations, in which only red blood cells are collected. A 2RBC donation leads to loss of 425 mg of iron.
To help iron levels replenish, donors are required to wait 56 days between WB donations and 112 days between 2RBC blood draws.
But a year after their first WB donation, up to 40% of girls and 20% of boys had iron deficiency, the investigators found. This increased to about 50% of girls and 30% of boys who were red blood cell donors.
“This underscores the need for iron replacement in young donors,” Vassallo said, noting that other research suggests that “time-limited, over-the-counter supplements” could reverse the trends.
But Mast suggested that a greater emphasis on adult donations may be a better way to go.
“Teenagers are still growing and developing neurocognitive function, which are developmental processes that require iron,” he noted.
“They also tend to have poor diets that may be low in iron.” And girls are also adjusting to the start of their periods.
“Thus, teenagers have lower levels of iron stored in their body than adults, need more iron each day than adults, and are more susceptible to iron deficiency following blood donation than adults,” Mast said.
And that, he added, is why he doesn’t let his teenage daughter donate.
“Blood transfusion is a critical part of health care in the United States, and an adequate blood supply is essential,” Mast said. But, he added, parents should learn about the iron-deficiency risk their children could face—and having done so, step up and donate themselves.
“It would be wonderful if this happened more often, and we could decrease our reliance on teenagers for contributing to the blood supply,” he said.
BACKGROUND: Teenagers aged 16 to 18 are at increased risk for iron deficiency, exacerbated by losses with whole blood (WB) or double red blood cell (2RBC) donations. Required 56-day (WB) or 112-day (2RBC) interdonation intervals (IDIs) are too short for many to replace lost iron without supplements.
METHODS: Teenagers donating WB or 2RBCs at Vitalant, a national blood provider, had serum ferritin measured at their first and immediately subsequent successful donation from December 2016 to 2018. We modeled postindex log-ferritin as a function of IDI to estimate the shortest intervals that corresponded with 50% to 95% prevalence of adequate donor iron stores (ferritin ≥20 ng/mL female donors, ≥30 ng/mL male donors) at the subsequent donation.
RESULTS: Among 30 806 teenagers, 11.4% of female and 9.7% of male donors had inadequate iron stores at index donation. Overall, 92.6% had follow-up ferritin values within 13 months. Approximately 12 months after WB index donations, >60% of female and >80% of male donors had adequate iron stores (>50% and >70% after 2RBC donations). Follow-up–donation iron stores were highly dependent on index ferritin. Less than half of WB donors with low ferritin at index achieved adequate stores within 12 months. Achieving a ≥90% prevalence of adequate ferritin at 12 months required index values >50 ng/mL.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that postdonation low-dose iron supplements should be strongly encouraged in teenagers with borderline or low iron stores to permit donation without increased risk for symptoms of mild iron depletion. Increasing the minimum recommended IDI to allow time for replacing donation-related iron losses may be desirable for teenagers.
Treatment / Management
The treatment of iron-deficiency anemia includes treating the underlying cause, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and oral iron supplementation. Iron supplementation should be taken without food to increase absorption.
Low gastric pH facilitates iron absorption. Rapid response to treatment is often seen in 14 days. It is manifested by the rise in hemoglobin levels. Iron supplementation is needed for at least three months to replenish tissue iron stores and should proceed for at least a month even after hemoglobin has returned to normal levels.
Ferrous sulfate is an inexpensive and effective therapy, usually given in two to three divided doses daily. The adverse effects of oral iron include constipation, nausea, decreased appetite, and diarrhea.
Intravenous iron may be required if the patient is intolerant to oral iron, has malabsorption such as celiac disease, post-gastrectomy, or achlorhydria, or the losses are too high for oral therapy.
Although intravenous iron is more reliably and quickly distributed to the reticuloendothelial system than oral iron, it does not provide for a more rapid increase in hemoglobin levels.
The most common adverse effect of intravenous iron is nausea. While rare, anaphylaxis may occur with intravenous iron infusions.
Extravasation of iron solutions into the subcutaneous tissue causes brownish stains that can be permanent and aesthetically unpleasant for the patient. Dietary counseling is usually necessary for management. Teenage girls who are experiencing excessive menstrual blood loss may benefit from iron and hormonal therapy.[3][9][10]
References
3.Long B, Koyfman A. Emergency Medicine Evaluation and Management of Anemia. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 2018 Aug;36(3):609-630. [PubMed]
9.Eichner ER. Anemia in Athletes, News on Iron Therapy, and Community Care During Marathons. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018 Jan;17(1):2-3. [PubMed]
10.Mashlab S, Large P, Laing W, Ng O, D’Auria M, Thurston D, Thomson S, Acheson AG, Humes DJ, Banerjea A., Nottingham Colorectal Service. Anaemia as a risk stratification tool for symptomatic patients referred via the two-week wait pathway for colorectal cancer. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2018 May;100(5):350-356. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Journal information: Pediatrics
