A brain imaging study at Karolinska Institutet now shows that the average level of the serotonin transporter increased in a group of 17 individuals who recovered from depression after cognitive behavioral therapy. The results are published in the journal Translational Psychiatry.
“Our results suggest that changes to the serotonin system are part of the biology of depression and that this change is related to the episode rather than a static feature – a state rather than a trait,” says the study’s last author Johan Lundberg, researcher at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet.
“The finding raises many questions about the function of the serotonin system in depression and opens up for lines of research that could challenge the prevailing concept of serotonin and depression.”
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that affects, amongst other things, mood and emotion.
Its transporter protein, 5-HTT, is considered to play a critical part in depression, as it pumps serotonin away from the cerebral neuron synapses, thus regulating the amount of active serotonin the brain.
However, the effect of these drugs can be delayed by several weeks and in certain cases they have no effect at all, so the need for new or improved drug therapies is pressing. To achieve this, more knowledge is needed about the biological causes of the disease.
Earlier studies have shown that depressed individuals have lower levels of 5-HTT in the brain than healthy individuals. This finding is somewhat surprising given the dominant theory of serotonin function in depression, “the serotonin hypothesis.”
To better understand these findings a longitudinal or post-treatment study design can be used to answer the question of whether 5-HTT is temporarily or chronically low in people with depression.
In this study, the researchers sought to investigate how the serotonin transporter changes when a depressed person is successfully treated. To do this, they measured levels of 5-HTT in 17 individuals with depression before and after a course of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy.
The measurements were achieved with positron emission tomography (PET), a brain imaging technique in which scientists can gauge levels of different substances in the brain using radioactive tracers.
The researchers found that levels of 5-HTT were on average 10 percent higher after three months’ treatment, when 13 of the 17 patients reported a significant improvement in their symptoms. Prior to treatment, the individuals with depression had roughly the same average level of 5-HTT as a control group of 17 healthy individuals.
“Instead of lower levels of serotonin transporter when depression had been treated, we found the opposite – more transporter after improved symptoms,” says Jonas Svensson, postdoc researcher in Dr. Lundberg’s group.
One might hypothesize, for example, that the level of 5-HTT drops when an individual is subjected to stress, such as during a depressive state, and that the level rises or normalizes when this stress goes away.
It’s important to point out, however, that even if these ideas are raised by our study, its design doesn’t allow us to draw any conclusions about why levels of 5-HTT change.”
The study had some limitations, such as that it only included 17 individuals with depression, which is a heterogeneous state, and that the control group was examined only once.The researchers are now designing new studies to test whether the dynamic function of the serotonin system can be part of a stress-defense system.
Impaired serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission is detectable in the brain of suicide decedents and in the cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid of nonfatal suicide attempters1,2, major depressive disorder (MDD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD)3,4. Biological findings in suicide include those related to comorbid diagnoses and those associated with the diathesis for suicide that explains why only a subgroup of people with MDD or AUD are at elevated risk for suicide5,6.
Despite the fact that suicide-associated conditions such as MDD and AUD are frequently co-morbid, little work has compared 5-HT receptor abnormalities in suicide, MDD, and AUD (see ref. 1 for review).
Childhood adversity increases the risk of suicide, MDD, and AUD in adulthood7,8. What mediates the effect of childhood adversity on the risk for these diagnoses is not well understood, but epigenetic and gene-environment interactions are reported9,10,11. We hypothesize that childhood adversity affects the serotonin system and contributes to increased risk for suicide, MDD or AUD in adulthood.
In vivo and in vitro imaging of the SERT and 5-HT receptor subtype binding in suicide and nonfatal suicide suggest there are serotonin system abnormalities; but there is less agreement about the direction of the findings, the specificity of the findings for each of these conditions, including which brain areas are involved12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22.
Explanations for discrepant results include small effect sizes, variability in outcome measures, and biodemographic variability related to sex and age; other factors are the heterogeneity in suicide behavior and the effects from comorbid psychiatric disorders. Abnormalities in the serotonin system are more pronounced with more lethal suicidal behavior16,22,23,24,25.
In the present study, we sought to determine the effects of suicide on serotonin receptor binding and separate the effects of suicide from comorbid MDD, AUD, and early life adversity studying postmortem brain using quantitative autoradiography, in the hitherto largest published sample of postmortem suicides and controls.
reference link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-018-0309-1
More information: “Serotonin transporter availability increases in patients recovering from a depressive episode,” Jonas E. Svensson, Cecilia Svanborg, Pontus Plavén-Sigray, Viktor Kaldo, Christer Halldin, Martin Schain and Johan Lundberg, Translational Psychiatry, online May 10, 2021, DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01376-w
