Liver diseases encompass a range of conditions from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The increasing prevalence of these conditions poses significant public health challenges globally . As a result, there is a growing interest in exploring prevention strategies and alternative therapeutics, particularly those derived from plant sources, due to their perceived efficacy and safety profiles . Among these natural sources, cacti, specifically from the Cactaceae family, have gained attention for their diverse bioactive compounds and potential therapeutic implications in liver health and disease management .
Nutritional and Bioactive Composition of Cacti
Cacti, belonging to the Cactaceae family, are succulent plants adapted to arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. Traditionally, various cacti species have served as a staple food source for indigenous communities in Mexico, the southwestern United States, parts of Africa, and South America . The nutritional richness and adaptability of cacti make them important for sustainable food production and traditional medicine.
Cacti are rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, betalains, and polysaccharides, which have shown promise in various physiological systems . These compounds contribute to cacti’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties . The most studied cactus, Nopal (Opuntia spp.), is widely distributed and valued for its rich bioactive content, with both its fruits and stems (pads or cladodes) being edible and commonly used in culinary preparations and processed foods .
Hepatoprotective Properties of Cacti
Research has demonstrated the ability of cactus-derived compounds to modulate hepatic enzymes, bolster antioxidant defenses, and attenuate lipid peroxidation, thereby alleviating liver damage and fostering hepatocellular regeneration . The mechanisms underlying these effects involve regulating key signaling pathways implicated in inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis within the liver microenvironment . However, translating these findings into clinical practice requires rigorous human trials to validate efficacy and safety .
Effects of Cactus Consumption on Liver Function
The liver plays a fundamental role in maintaining homeostasis and various vital functions, making it susceptible to damage from oxidative stress and other factors . Opuntia spp. has shown several benefits for liver function, primarily through its antioxidant action. Betanin, a betacyanin found in cacti, neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress in the liver . Additionally, Opuntia spp. improves lipid metabolism by influencing fat absorption and increasing lipid excretion through feces, contributing to lower blood lipid levels .
Opuntia spp. also offers protection against drug-induced liver damage, attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties . Clinical studies have indicated its potential in lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting benefits for liver health .
Effects on Liver Diseases
Liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are significant concerns . ALD progression is linked to alcohol consumption, while MASLD is associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes, leading to excessive fat accumulation in the liver . Dyslipidemia also accelerates the progression of hepatic steatosis to more severe stages, such as MASLD .
Studies have shown the hepatoprotective effects of various cacti, including Opuntia spp., Pilosocereus gounellei, and Pereskia grandifolia, which are attributed to their bioactive compounds . These functional components exhibit anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, and antiviral activities, protecting and preserving liver structure and functionality .
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
In vitro studies using extracts from various cacti species have demonstrated hepatoprotective effects in cell carcinoma models and against chemically induced liver damage . These studies highlight the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antisteatotic effects of cacti, which prevent hepatocyte apoptosis and promote liver health.
In vivo studies with animal models reinforce these findings, demonstrating cacti’s potential in mitigating liver damage and improving liver function . However, clinical trials focusing specifically on liver diseases are still needed to confirm these effects in humans.
Safety and Drug Interactions
The liver’s role in drug metabolism and elimination makes it susceptible to drug interactions, particularly in the context of liver diseases . While studies on the bioactivity of cacti have not extensively evaluated drug interactions, the existing research provides important information about the doses, duration of administration, and potential outcomes for liver health and disease . Further investigation into the main compounds present in cacti could support their use as an adjuvant treatment in liver diseases.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cacti
Cacti, particularly species within the Opuntia genus, exhibit significant anti-inflammatory properties. These effects are largely attributed to their rich content of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, betalains, and polysaccharides. Here are the detailed mechanisms and effects:
- Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines:
- Cacti extracts have been shown to decrease levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These cytokines play a crucial role in the inflammatory response and are often elevated in inflammatory liver diseases.
- A study involving Opuntia ficus-indica demonstrated that its extracts significantly reduced the production of these cytokines in both in vitro and in vivo models.
- Inhibition of NF-κB Pathway:
- The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway is a key regulator of inflammation. Activation of NF-κB leads to the expression of various inflammatory genes.
- Cactus extracts, particularly those from Opuntia spp., have been shown to inhibit the NF-κB pathway, thereby reducing inflammation. This inhibition prevents the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes, leading to a decrease in overall inflammation.
- Antioxidant Activity:
- Oxidative stress is closely linked to inflammation. The antioxidant properties of cacti help mitigate oxidative stress, thereby indirectly reducing inflammation.
- Compounds like betanin, a type of betalain found in cacti, neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative damage. This antioxidative action helps to lower the inflammatory response triggered by oxidative stress.
- Modulation of COX and LOX Pathways:
- Cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways are involved in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
- Studies have shown that cactus extracts can inhibit the activity of COX-2 and LOX enzymes, leading to a reduction in the synthesis of these pro-inflammatory mediators.
- Effect on C-Reactive Protein (CRP):
- C-reactive protein is a marker of inflammation and is often elevated in chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Clinical studies have reported that the consumption of Opuntia spp. can lead to a significant reduction in CRP levels, indicating a reduction in systemic inflammation.
- Gut Health and Inflammation:
- The anti-inflammatory effects of cacti also extend to gut health. The dietary fiber and polysaccharides in cacti can improve gut microbiota composition, which plays a role in modulating systemic inflammation.
- Improved gut health leads to reduced endotoxin levels, which can decrease inflammation in the liver and other tissues.
Specific Studies and Findings
- In Vitro Studies:
- A study on Opuntia ficus-indica extracts demonstrated a significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 production in macrophage cell lines stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
- Another in vitro study showed that Opuntia dillenii fruit extracts reduced the expression of COX-2 and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), both of which are involved in inflammatory processes.
- In Vivo Studies:
- An animal study involving rats with induced liver inflammation showed that Opuntia ficus-indica extract treatment reduced liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST) and inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β).
- In a mouse model of colitis, treatment with cactus pear extract reduced colon inflammation, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and improved histopathological scores.
- Clinical Studies:
- A randomized cross-over study on healthy volunteers found that consuming Opuntia ficus-indica fruit significantly modulated plasma inflammatory biomarkers, reducing levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and CRP, while increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels.
- Another clinical trial showed that supplementation with Opuntia spp. fiber tablets for 45 days reduced CRP levels and other markers of systemic inflammation in participants.
The anti-inflammatory effects of cacti are multifaceted, involving the modulation of cytokine production, inhibition of inflammatory pathways, and enhancement of antioxidant defenses. These properties make cacti a promising natural therapeutic option for managing inflammation-related liver diseases and other inflammatory conditions. However, further clinical trials are necessary to fully understand the optimal usage and long-term benefits of cacti in inflammation management.
Conclusion
The evidence consolidated in this review highlights the potential of cactus-derived bioactive compounds in promoting liver health and mitigating liver diseases. While preliminary findings are promising, translating these benefits into clinical practice requires rigorous human trials and further investigation into the safety, efficacy, and standardization of cactus extracts. The ongoing exploration of cacti’s therapeutic prospects holds significant promise for advancing liver disease management and improving public health outcomes.
APPENDIX 1 – Other Plants with Similar Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Several other plants possess significant anti-inflammatory properties similar to those observed in cacti. These plants are rich in bioactive compounds that help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, providing potential therapeutic benefits for various inflammatory conditions, including liver diseases.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Active Compounds:
- Curcumin
Mechanisms and Effects:
- Inhibition of NF-κB Pathway: Curcumin inhibits the NF-κB pathway, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes.
- Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Curcumin lowers levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.
- Antioxidant Activity: Curcumin neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Studies:
- Clinical trials have shown that curcumin supplements reduce inflammatory markers and improve symptoms in patients with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Active Compounds:
- Gingerol, Shogaol
Mechanisms and Effects:
- Inhibition of Prostaglandin and Leukotriene Synthesis: Gingerol and shogaol inhibit COX and LOX enzymes, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.
- Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Ginger extract decreases TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels.
- Antioxidant Activity: Ginger components scavenge free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative damage.
Studies:
- Clinical studies have demonstrated that ginger supplementation can reduce inflammation and pain in conditions like osteoarthritis.
Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)
Active Compounds:
- Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
Mechanisms and Effects:
- Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK Pathways: EGCG inhibits these pathways, reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.
- Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: EGCG lowers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels.
- Antioxidant Activity: EGCG has potent antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative stress.
Studies:
- Clinical trials have shown that green tea consumption can reduce inflammation and improve markers of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Boswellia (Boswellia serrata)
Active Compounds:
- Boswellic acids
Mechanisms and Effects:
- Inhibition of 5-LOX: Boswellic acids inhibit the 5-LOX enzyme, reducing leukotriene synthesis.
- Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Boswellic acids decrease TNF-α and IL-6 levels.
- Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects: Boswellic acids exhibit both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Studies:
- Clinical trials have demonstrated that Boswellia extract can reduce symptoms and markers of inflammation in patients with osteoarthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
Active Compounds:
- Silymarin
Mechanisms and Effects:
- Antioxidant Activity: Silymarin neutralizes free radicals, protecting liver cells from oxidative damage.
- Inhibition of NF-κB Pathway: Silymarin reduces the activation of NF-κB, lowering inflammatory cytokine production.
- Protection Against Toxin-Induced Damage: Silymarin protects liver cells from damage induced by toxins such as alcohol and certain medications.
Studies:
- Clinical studies have shown that silymarin supplementation can improve liver function and reduce inflammation in patients with liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis.
Willow Bark (Salix spp.)
Active Compounds:
- Salicin
Mechanisms and Effects:
- Inhibition of COX Enzymes: Salicin is metabolized into salicylic acid, which inhibits COX enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.
- Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Willow bark extract lowers levels of inflammatory cytokines.
- Analgesic and Antioxidant Properties: Salicin provides pain relief and antioxidant protection.
Studies:
- Clinical trials have demonstrated that willow bark extract can reduce pain and inflammation in conditions like osteoarthritis and lower back pain.
These plants, similar to cacti, possess potent anti-inflammatory properties that can be beneficial in managing various inflammatory conditions, including liver diseases. The bioactive compounds in these plants work through multiple mechanisms to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, offering potential therapeutic benefits. Further research and clinical trials are needed to fully understand the optimal usage and long-term effects of these natural anti-inflammatory agents.
resource : https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4389/4/2/21
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