An experimental drug for a rare, inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has shown promise in a phase 1/phase 2 clinical trial conducted at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and other sites around the world and sponsored by the pharmaceutical company Biogen Inc.
The trial indicated that the experimental drug, known as tofersen, shows evidence of safety that warrants further investigation and lowers levels of a disease-causing protein in people with a type of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, caused by mutations in the gene SOD1.
The results of the study, published July 9 in the New England Journal of Medicine, have led to the launch of a phase 3 clinical trial to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of tofersen.
“ALS is a devastating, incurable illness,” said principal investigator Timothy M. Miller, MD, Ph.D., the David Clayson Professor of Neurology at Washington University and director of the ALS Center at the School of Medicine.
“While this investigational drug is aimed at only a small percentage of people with ALS, the same approach – blocking the production of specific proteins at the root of the illness – may help people with other forms of the illness.
“This trial indicated that tofersen shows evidence of safety that warrants further investigation and that the dose we used lowers clinical markers of disease. There are even some signs that it slowed clinical progression of ALS, although the study was not designed to evaluate effectiveness at treating the disease, so we can’t say anything definitive. Overall, the results are just what we hoped for, and a phase 3 trial is currently underway.”
About 20,000 people in the United States are living with ALS. The disease kills the nerve cells that control walking, eating and breathing. Few people survive more than five years after diagnosis, and existing treatments are only modestly effective at slowing the pace of the disease.
About 10% of ALS cases are inherited, and one-fifth of those are caused by mutations in SOD1.
Such mutations cause the SOD1 protein to be overly active, so reducing protein levels might help ALS patients with one of these specific mutations.
Tofersen is an antisense oligonucleotide, which is a DNA-based molecule that interferes with the genetic instructions for building proteins. The molecule is designed to block production of the SOD1 protein.
In earlier studies in mice and rats with SOD1 mutations, the animals lived longer and showed fewer signs of neuromuscular damage when they were treated with the oligonucleotide.
To assess the oligonucleotide’s safety and whether it is biologically active in people, Biogen and the participating sites recruited 50 people with SOD1 ALS for a phase 1/phase 2 clinical trial.
Participants were randomly selected to receive the experimental drug or a placebo injected into the fluid surrounding their spinal cords. For every three participants selected to receive tofersen, one was selected to receive a placebo.
Each participant received five doses over a 12-week period. The participants were divided into four groups and received 20 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg or 100 mg of the drug per dose.
The researchers found that the drug was generally well-tolerated. Most of the adverse events patients experienced—such as headache, and pain during the procedure and at the site of injection—were linked to the drug being administered via spinal tap.
Five patients who received tofersen and two who received placebo experienced serious adverse events, including two deaths in the tofersen group and one in the placebo group.
In addition, the study provided evidence that the drug lowered SOD1 protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Protein concentrations dropped by an average of 2% in the low-dose group and 33% in the high-dose group.
Biogen is continuing to provide tofersen to participants in the phase 1/phase 2 trial under an open-label extension, until further evaluation of the drug is complete. Additional participants are being enrolled in a separate phase 3 trial to further assess safety and whether the drug helps patients preserve muscle strength and function, and lengthens survival.
If tofersen proves effective in the phase 3 trial at treating SOD1 ALS, it would directly benefit only a tiny fraction of ALS patients. But this approach could pave the way for other experimental oligonucleotide-based drugs.
The Muscular Dystrophy Association, the ALS Association, and the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) helped support the early work on oligonucleotides because of the potential such compounds hold for treating neurodegenerative conditions, many of which are linked to misshapen or abnormally high levels of proteins.
“Sometimes patients say, ‘Why is all this work being done in the 2% who have SOD1 ALS? What about the 98%?’,” said co-principal investigator Merit Cudkowicz, MD, director of the Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital.
“But the same technology that can turn off the SOD1 gene can be used to turn off other targets, and in fact, there are many companies working on other targets. Everything we have learned with SOD1 ALS could end up aiding new approaches to fighting other forms of ALS or other neurological conditions.”
Tofersen
Generation 2+ antisense drug
Tofersen (formerly IONIS-SOD1Rx), also known as BIIB067, is an antisense drug designed to reduce the production of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), which is the best understood genetic cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
ALS is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Patients with ALS suffer progressive degeneration of the motor neurons, which results in a declining quality of life and ultimately death. A mutation in the SOD-1 gene results in an inherited form of ALS, referred to as SOD1-ALS.
There is substantial evidence that mutations in the SOD1 gene are responsible for a toxic gain of function that can lead to rapid progressive loss of motor neurons in patients with SOD1-ALS. As a result, patients with SOD1-ALS experience muscle weakness, loss of movement, difficulty in breathing and swallowing and eventually succumb to their disease.
About Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ALS is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Patients with ALS suffer progressive degeneration of the motor neurons, which results in a declining quality of life and ultimately death.
There is substantial evidence that mutations in the SOD1 gene are responsible for a toxic gain of function that can lead to progressive loss of motor neurons in patients with SOD1-ALS. As a result, patients with SOD1-ALS experience muscle weakness, loss of movement, difficulty in breathing and swallowing and eventually succumb to their disease.
SOD1-ALS is the second most common familial form of ALS, accounting for up to 20 percent of familial ALS. Familial ALS represents approximately 15 to 20 percent of all cases of ALS. Currently, treatment options for patients with ALS are extremely limited with no drugs that significantly slow disease progression.
Gene Therapies
Over recent years, a few approaches that are based on gene therapy have emerged for the treatment of ALS. The most promising and the most in-depth examined compound is BIIB067 (Tofersen), which was developed by Biogen.
Tofersen is an antisense gene therapy. A piece of single strand DNA complementary to mSOD1 mRNA binds to it.
The double strand DNA is then targeted for degradation, which leads to the reduction of mSOD1 levels. Preliminary data from Phase I/II study showed a statistically significant decrease in the levels of mSOD1 protein in CSF.
The treated patients also showed a slow decrease in ALSFRS-R values, respiratory function, and muscle strength [347]. Recently (May 2019), Biogen launched a Phase III trial, which is recruiting new participants (trial #ID: NCT02623699).
Another gene therapy, miQure, targets mRNA of a different gene, C9orf72, with a set of two microRNAs. Again, this results in C9orf72 downregulation. miQure was shown to reduce the levels of faulty C9orf72 protein in cellular [348] and mouse models [349].
Gene therapy using VM202 was recently evaluated in a Phase I/II ALS trial. VM202 is a plasmid, which contains a sequence of two different hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) isoforms. HGF is a neurotrophic factor, which promotes neuronal growth and repair.
The results from the trial show that VM202 is safe to use in ALS patients and the study also reported a decrease in ALSFRS-R decline [350]. A different compound currently in development, SynCav1, was shown to improve motor function and survival in a preclinical ALS mouse model [351].
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Journal information: New England Journal of Medicine
