The discovery, made in a pair of reports published online Friday in the New England Journal of Medicine, could be key to the global rollout of the AstraZeneca vaccine, helping develop effective treatments for the side effect and providing clues on how to refine the vaccine and fix the problem, experts say.
But it also might hinder efforts to have the vaccine approved in the United States, where there already are three vaccines available.
The AstraZeneca vaccine appears to cause certain people to develop antibodies that target a protein in the human body called platelet factor 4 (PF4), which spurs platelets into action and activates a clotting cascade, explained report co-author Dr. Theodore Warkentin, a professor of pathology and molecular medicine at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.
“It’s an antibody that’s somehow triggered by the vaccine, and in some circumstances this results in unusual blood clotting,” Warkentin said.
The phenomenon is similar to a rare drug side effect caused by the blood thinner heparin, called heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Warkentin said.
The vaccine’s clotting side effects are so rare that the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the UK’s Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency both have decided to keep it on the market, concluding that its benefits outweigh the risks, AstraZeneca noted in a statement.
However, the vaccine’s label will be updated to list blood clotting as an extremely rare potential side effect.
“AstraZeneca has been actively collaborating with the regulators to implement these changes to the product information and is already working to understand the individual cases, epidemiology and possible mechanisms that could explain these extremely rare events,” the company statement said.
As of April 4, the EMA had received reports of 169 cases of cerebral clotting and 53 cases of abdominal clotting out of about 34 million AstraZeneca doses administered throughout Europe, according to Reuters.
In the United Kingdom, 19 people have died from serious blood clots related to the vaccine, CNN reported.
Clotting cases mirror those sometimes triggered by blood thinner heparin
Two of the three COVID-19 vaccines being distributed in the United States—Pfizer and Moderna—have not shown any such side effect. But on Friday, European drug regulators said they are reviewing reports of rare blood clots in four people who received Johnson & Johnson’s COVID-19 vaccine.
Of the four cases, three occurred in the United States during the rollout of the vaccine and one person had died, and the fourth case was reported in a clinical trial, CNBC reported.
One of the new AstraZeneca vaccine reports focuses on 11 patients in Germany and Austria who developed serious clotting problems after getting the vaccine, while the other reviewed the cases of five health care workers between the ages of 32 and 54 who developed the side effect.
Tests revealed that all patients had developed PF4 blood-clotting complexes similar to that caused by heparin, even though none had received the blood thinner.
These new findings still don’t give doctors any clue who might fall ill with excess clotting after receiving the AstraZeneca vaccine, noted Dr. William Schaffner, a professor of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tenn.
“It’s focused in younger age groups so far, but we can’t pick out in advance who these people are. So, the question will be as we go forward in public policy around the world, how you will manage this vaccine?” Schaffner said.
But the findings could help guide treatment of people who develop symptoms similar to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Warkentin said.
“If someone develops symptoms five or more days after the vaccine, either headache or neurological symptoms, or abnormal pain or shortness of breath, then the vaccine recipient would know they ought to seek medical attention,” Warkentin said. “Just as important, the clinicians who evaluate the patient would know how to look for it.”
There might already be a treatment available, based on how doctors treat an even rarer type of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Warkentin said.
Heparin usually directly affects PF4 to cause clotting, but in some cases the drug promotes an autoimmune response that affects the important protein, Warkentin said.
Doctors treat autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia by administering high doses of IV immunoglobulin, essentially flooding the body with healthy antibodies to drown out the signal produced by the drug, Warkentin said.
Future of AstraZeneca vaccine uncertain
“We’re recommending that when a doctor recognizes such a patient with this new condition, called vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, they be treated not only with anticoagulation but with this high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin,” Warkentin said.
Now that AstraZeneca knows what’s happening to cause the clotting side effect, they also have the opportunity to review the makeup of the vaccine and the way it’s manufactured to figure out what’s happening, Warkentin said.
“There may be a way to figure out what that might be and perhaps a way to tweak the vaccine to make it safer,” Warkentin noted.
These reports, Schaffner said, “implicate the vaccine as an immune initiator of a very rare event that creates antibodies which involve platelets, those tiny elements in the bloodstream that cause clotting.”
Health ministries around the world now will have to weigh this information against the risks posed by COVID-19, Schaffner explained.
“This is particularly poignant because this vaccine is very inexpensive, and it can be made in large amounts and it can be handled in a normal cold chain. It was actually touted initially and anticipated this would perhaps be the major vaccine used in many developing countries,” Schaffner said. “I think lots of ministers of health now have a cost/benefit analysis that is going to be undertaken.”
AstraZeneca had been preparing to seek an emergency use authorization in the United States for its vaccine, but this news casts a shadow over those efforts, Schaffner added.
“I’ve heard nothing to the contrary, but you have to wonder whether the company wishes to go through that process,” he said. “Here in the United States we appear to have, with our three vaccines under an emergency use authorization, an ample amount of vaccine at the moment. In some parts of the country, we have a vaccine supply that’s exceeding demand for the vaccine. The need for a fourth vaccine has diminished enormously.”
Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, has also cast doubt on the AstraZeneca vaccine’s prospects here in the United States.
“We already have contracted for enough vaccines, from Moderna and from Pfizer and from [Johnson &Johnson],” Fauci told CNN. “There is no plan to immediately start utilizing the AstraZeneca [vaccine] even if it gets approved through the EUA [emergency use authorization], which it very well might.”
There have been recent reports of haemorrhage, blood clots and thrombocytopenia following administration of CoViD-19 vaccines that have raised concerns over the safety of genetic vaccines for people with pre-existing coagulation disorders or those on certain medications. This had also led to temporary suspension of Oxford/AZ CoViD vaccine in a number of countries across Europe [1]. As a result, Medicine and Healthcare Regulatory Authority, UK (MHRA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) initiated a rigorous scientific review of pharmacovigilance data and available evidence to assess the potential association of the vaccine to recent thrombotic events.
MHRA confirmed on 18th March 2021 that the ‘evidence does not suggest that blood clots are caused by COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca and assured that the benefits of the vaccine in preventing COVID-19 far outweigh the thrombotic risks and people should continue taking the vaccine when offered [2].
Medicine and Healthcare Regulatory Authority (MHRA) further stated that sinus vein thrombosis along with thrombocytopenia has been reported in less than one in a million people vaccinated so far in the UK, it can occur naturally and that a causal association with the vaccine could not be established. However, they will continue to monitor the situation, and as a precautionary measure advised that anyone with a headache lasting more than 4 days after vaccination, or bruising beyond the site of vaccination, should seek medical attention.
EMA on the other hand also investigated the events and concluded on 18th March 2021 that the ‘vaccine may be associated with very rare cases of blood clots associated with thrombocytopenia with or without bleeding, including rare cases of clots in the vessels draining blood from the brain’ [3]. EMA stated that a causal link with the vaccine is ‘not proven but possible’ and deserves further analysis. They, however, also reassured that the benefits of having a CoViD vaccine still outweigh the risks despite a possible link to the rare blood clots with low blood platelets. They also assured a continued monitoring of the situation and further review of thrombotic risk with other CoViD vaccines.
EMA has also taken additional measures to include information on thrombotic risks in the vaccine’s summary of product characteristics (SmPC) and product information leaflets. Furthermore, EMA issued warnings to the patients and healthcare professionals to be vigilant. EMA also published an extended list of symptoms which, if found persistent beyond 3 days of vaccination, patients should seek a prompt medical assistance. The list of symptoms included breathlessness, pain in the chest or stomach, swelling or coldness in an arm or leg, severe or worsening headache or blurred vision, persistent bleeding, multiple small bruises, reddish or purplish spots, or blood blisters under the skin. EMA urged the healthcare professionals to be alert for potential risk of thromboembolism in vaccinated individuals.
There are reports of antibodies present in CoViD-19 patients that activated platelets [4] and patients with thrombocytopenia following CoViD vaccination showed a favourable response to immune thrombocytopenia-directed therapies (corticosteroids and IVIG) [5]. We proposed a likely mechanism on 15th March 2020 that the genetic CoViD-19 vaccines may directly infect platelets and megakaryocytes triggering mRNA translation and consequent spike protein synthesis intracellularly. This may potentially result in an autoimmune response against platelets and megakaryocytes resulting in reticuloendothelial phagocytosis and direct CD8+ T cell lysis [6]. The consequent thrombocytopaenia may lead to internal bleeding and spontaneous blood clots. On 19th March 2020, scientists from Oslo identified an antibody from vaccinated individuals which they suspect being responsible for attacking platelets and causing recent thrombotic events [7]. This discovery also supports our hypothesis [6] that CoViD genetic vaccines may have a direct role in spurring autoimmune response against platelets that may clinically manifest in thrombocytopenia, haemorrhage, and blood clots.
Vaccines are one of the great discoveries in medicine that has improved life expectancy dramatically. Nonetheless, genetic vaccines are new, and their long-term safety evaluation is a key to identify potentially contraindicated group of subjects, for instance, patients with history of blood disorders, past or current thrombocytopenia or pre-existing immunological conditions.
Pharmacovigilance can play a key role in early detection of potentially severe adverse events. The recent experience with Pandemrix raised fundamental questions on the regulatory approach to pharmacovigilance. It reminds us of the duty of the public health agencies to warn the public over possible harms of vaccines, the level of details that public should be made aware of, who should provide the information to public, and whether the provision of such information be proactive or passive [8]. The early signs of rare side effects during pharmacovigilance that may lead to severe adverse outcomes should never be dismissed just on the basis of prevalence statistics, but require thorough scientific investigations and clinical correlation to rule out a potential causal link. We, therefore, welcome EMA’s stance on issuing a caution to the public and physicians and support their decision of continued monitoring of thrombotic events more closely with necessary scientific investigations.
REFERENCE LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7988638/
More information: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about COVID-19 vaccines.
