Kamikaze drones, also known as loitering munitions, have emerged as transformative tools in modern warfare, offering a blend of surveillance and precision strike capabilities in a single platform. These drones can hover over a target area, providing real-time intelligence, before executing a precision attack by crashing into the target with an explosive payload. Unlike traditional drones that are designed to return after completing their mission, kamikaze drones are intended for one-time use, prioritizing mission success over the recovery of the platform. This technology has been rapidly adopted by several nations, each leveraging it to address specific strategic and tactical needs in various conflict scenarios.
Israel has been at the forefront of developing kamikaze drones, with its defense industry producing some of the most advanced loitering munitions currently in use. The Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) developed the Harop and Harpy drones, which are specifically designed for Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) missions. These drones can loiter over a target area for extended periods, using their onboard sensors to detect and engage enemy radar systems. The Harop, for instance, can travel up to 1,000 kilometers and loiter for several hours, making it ideal for long-range missions. These capabilities were notably demonstrated during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, where Azerbaijan, using Israeli-made drones, was able to significantly degrade Armenian air defenses and armored formations. Israel’s strategic use of loitering munitions has cemented its position as a leader in this field, with its drones being used in various conflicts around the world.
Russia has also invested heavily in the development and deployment of loitering munitions, integrating them into its broader military strategy. The ZALA Lancet and Kalashnikov KYB are two of Russia’s most prominent kamikaze drones, both designed to provide tactical and strategic flexibility on the battlefield. The ZALA Lancet, for example, is a highly precise loitering munition that can engage small, moving targets with a 3-kilogram warhead. Russia’s approach to deploying these drones often involves using them in swarms to overwhelm enemy defenses, a tactic that has been employed in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. The extensive use of loitering munitions in Ukraine has highlighted their effectiveness in disrupting and destroying critical infrastructure and military assets, showcasing the strategic value of these systems in modern warfare.
The United States has also embraced kamikaze drones, most notably through the AeroVironment Switchblade series. The Switchblade 300 and 600 models are designed for rapid deployment by dismounted infantry, offering precision strike capabilities with minimal setup. The Switchblade 300, which has a range of 10 kilometers and a loiter time of up to 20 minutes, has been particularly effective in Ukraine, where U.S.-supplied drones have been used to target Russian tanks and other high-value assets. The Switchblade 600, on the other hand, offers greater range and payload, making it suitable for anti-armor missions. The use of these drones reflects a shift in U.S. military strategy towards more decentralized, flexible warfare, where small units can carry out precision strikes independently, without the need for air support or artillery.
China’s growing military capabilities include the development of its own loitering munitions, such as the CH-901 and WS-43 drones. These systems are designed for a variety of missions, from battlefield reconnaissance to direct attacks on enemy positions. The CH-901, for example, is a small, portable drone that can loiter for up to two hours and deliver a 3-kilogram warhead with high precision. The WS-43, on the other hand, is a larger system designed for long-range strikes, capable of carrying a 20-kilogram payload over distances of up to 60 kilometers. China’s integration of these drones into its broader military strategy, which emphasizes network-centric warfare, reflects its focus on using loitering munitions as force multipliers in potential regional conflicts, particularly in the South China Sea and across the Taiwan Strait.
Turkey has become a significant player in the drone market, with its STM Kargu and Alpagu loitering munitions gaining international recognition. The Kargu is a rotary-wing drone designed for urban warfare, capable of autonomously identifying and engaging targets. It has been used effectively in conflicts in Syria and Libya, where its ability to operate in confined spaces and deliver precise strikes has provided Turkish forces with a tactical advantage. The Alpagu, a fixed-wing drone, offers greater range and is designed for use in more open environments. Turkey’s success in deploying these drones has also led to their export to other countries, further solidifying its position as a leading producer of drone technology.
Iran’s development of loitering munitions, such as the Shahed-136 and Ababil series, is driven by its need to counter technologically superior adversaries. These drones have been used extensively by Iranian proxy forces in the Middle East, particularly in Yemen and Iraq, where they have targeted Saudi and U.S. interests. The Shahed-136, for example, is a long-range loitering munition capable of traveling over 2,000 kilometers and carrying a 50-kilogram payload. This makes it a formidable tool for asymmetric warfare, where Iran seeks to project power beyond its borders by targeting critical infrastructure and military assets of its adversaries.
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into kamikaze drones represents the next evolution in their development. AI-enhanced loitering munitions will have the capability to autonomously identify, track, and engage targets, reducing the need for constant human oversight. This level of autonomy will allow drones to operate in highly contested environments where communication with operators may be compromised. AI will also enable these drones to adapt to changing battlefield conditions in real-time, selecting the most valuable targets and determining the optimal timing for strikes. However, the use of AI in military drones also raises significant ethical and legal concerns, particularly regarding accountability in lethal decision-making processes. The potential for autonomous drones to operate without human intervention has sparked debates about the risks of unintended escalation and the need for new international regulations to govern their use.
The use of kamikaze drones is changing the face of modern warfare. These systems offer a unique combination of precision, lethality, and cost-effectiveness, making them indispensable tools for nations engaged in both conventional and asymmetric conflicts. As more countries develop and deploy loitering munitions, the battlefield is becoming increasingly dominated by unmanned systems capable of conducting complex operations independently. This trend is likely to continue as AI technology advances, leading to the development of even more sophisticated and autonomous drones. The proliferation of these weapons underscores the need for robust counter-drone strategies and technologies to protect against the growing threat they pose. As the use of kamikaze drones becomes more widespread, their impact on global security and the nature of warfare will be profound, necessitating careful consideration by the international community.
The proliferation of kamikaze drones across various nations marks a significant shift in military strategy and technology, emphasizing the need for agility and precision in modern conflicts. As these drones become more sophisticated, their role in shaping both conventional and asymmetric warfare is expanding, driving innovation and adaptation among military forces worldwide.
One of the key developments in the use of kamikaze drones is their integration into combined arms operations. Traditionally, military operations have relied on a coordinated effort between infantry, artillery, armored units, and air support. However, the introduction of loitering munitions has added a new layer to these operations, allowing for real-time responsiveness and flexibility that was previously unattainable. For instance, in a scenario where an enemy armored column is advancing, a loitering munition can be deployed to hover over the battlefield, ready to strike at the first sign of movement. This reduces the need for pre-planned airstrikes or artillery barrages, which may be less precise and more time-consuming to coordinate. The ability to integrate these drones into broader operational frameworks enhances the effectiveness of military forces by providing them with a versatile tool that can be used to exploit vulnerabilities as they emerge.
The psychological impact of kamikaze drones on enemy forces is another factor contributing to their increasing use. The constant threat of a drone hovering overhead, capable of striking at any moment, can be a powerful deterrent. This psychological pressure can lead to changes in enemy behavior, such as reluctance to move in open areas, reduced morale, and an increased focus on counter-drone measures. In some cases, the mere presence of loitering munitions has been enough to disrupt enemy operations without the need for an actual strike. This aspect of drone warfare is becoming increasingly recognized as a critical component of modern military strategy, where the objective is not only to destroy enemy forces but also to erode their will to fight.
In terms of global distribution and adoption, kamikaze drones are no longer limited to the most technologically advanced militaries. The relative affordability and simplicity of some loitering munitions have made them accessible to a wider range of countries, including those with limited defense budgets. This democratization of advanced drone technology has significant implications for global security. Smaller nations or non-state actors can now deploy precision-guided munitions that were once the exclusive domain of major powers. This shift is altering the balance of power in various regions, as even militaries with modest resources can field effective strike capabilities that can challenge larger, more traditional forces.
The proliferation of kamikaze drones is also driving the development of new countermeasures. As these drones become more prevalent, the need for effective anti-drone technologies has become a priority for many nations. These countermeasures range from electronic warfare systems designed to jam or take control of enemy drones, to kinetic solutions such as anti-drone missiles and even directed energy weapons like lasers. The race to develop effective counter-drone strategies is leading to an arms race of sorts, where advances in drone technology are met with corresponding innovations in defensive systems. This dynamic is likely to continue as both drones and countermeasures become more sophisticated, creating a constantly evolving battlefield environment.
The future of kamikaze drones is closely linked to the continued evolution of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. As AI becomes more advanced, the potential for fully autonomous loitering munitions that can operate without any human input becomes increasingly plausible. These drones could be programmed to identify specific targets based on a range of criteria, such as heat signatures, electronic emissions, or even behavioral patterns. This level of autonomy would allow drones to conduct missions in environments where communication with human operators is impossible, such as in heavily contested electronic warfare environments or deep behind enemy lines. However, the deployment of fully autonomous weapons systems raises profound ethical and legal questions. The lack of human oversight in lethal decision-making processes could lead to unintended consequences, such as the targeting of non-combatants or the escalation of conflicts.
International regulations and treaties governing the use of autonomous weapons are still in their infancy, and the rapid pace of technological development in this field poses a significant challenge for policymakers. The potential for autonomous drones to be used in ways that violate international humanitarian law or human rights is a growing concern. As such, there is an urgent need for the international community to establish clear guidelines and regulations that address the ethical and legal implications of these technologies. This includes not only the development of international treaties but also the establishment of norms and standards for the responsible use of AI in military applications.
In addition to the ethical considerations, the economic implications of kamikaze drones cannot be overlooked. The relatively low cost of these drones, especially when compared to traditional manned aircraft or larger unmanned systems, makes them an attractive option for militaries looking to enhance their strike capabilities without significant financial outlays. This cost-effectiveness is particularly appealing for countries facing budget constraints or those seeking to maximize the impact of their defense spending. The widespread availability of affordable loitering munitions could lead to an increase in their use, both in state-on-state conflicts and in asymmetric warfare, where cost-effective precision strikes are highly valuable.
The continued development and deployment of kamikaze drones are likely to have far-reaching implications for global security. As these systems become more advanced and widely available, they will play an increasingly central role in both conventional and unconventional conflicts. The integration of AI and other emerging technologies will further enhance their capabilities, potentially leading to new forms of warfare that challenge existing military doctrines and strategies. The international community must therefore take proactive steps to address the challenges posed by these developments, ensuring that the use of loitering munitions is governed by clear ethical and legal standards that reflect the evolving nature of warfare in the 21st century.
Strategic Shifts and Advanced Weaponry: The U.S. Army’s $1 Billion Investment in Kamikaze Drones for Future Conflicts
The U.S. Army has embarked on a significant strategic initiative by awarding a nearly $1 billion contract to AeroVironment for the production and delivery of Switchblade-series loitering munitions, commonly referred to as kamikaze drones, over the next five years. This substantial investment underscores the Army’s commitment to enhancing the lethality of its infantry units, bringing them on par with formations equipped with tanks and other heavy armored vehicles. This pivot is particularly crucial as the U.S. military prepares for potential high-end conflicts, especially in the Pacific theater, where the looming threat of a confrontation with China demands new and innovative approaches to warfare.
The Pentagon’s announcement of the $990 million hybrid cost-plus-fixed-fee and firm-fixed-price contract with AeroVironment highlights the urgency of this endeavor. Although the specifics regarding the number of Switchblade 300s and 600s that will be delivered remain undisclosed, AeroVironment has confirmed that both variants are included in this new agreement. This contract aligns with the U.S. Army’s Lethal Unmanned Systems (LUS) Directed Requirement (DR), a program formalized in 2022, which aims to equip infantry units with advanced loitering munitions capable of neutralizing a wide range of threats on the battlefield.
Brett Hush, AeroVironment’s Senior Vice President and General Manager of Loitering Munition Systems, emphasized the critical nature of this contract, noting that it demonstrates the maturity and effectiveness of the Switchblade system. Hush also highlighted the company’s readiness to meet the Army’s emerging needs through its robust production capabilities and supply chain capacity, ensuring the rapid fielding of these cutting-edge munitions to soldiers on the ground.
AeroVironment’s involvement in the LUS DR is not new. The company has been supplying Switchblade 600s to the Army under a previous contract awarded in December 2023 as part of the Low Altitude Stalking and Strike Ordnance (LASSO) program, which also falls under the LUS DR umbrella. Additionally, the Pentagon’s Replicator initiative has provided further support in acquiring these advanced loitering munitions. The Switchblade 300, a staple in the U.S. military’s arsenal for years, particularly among special operations forces, continues to see widespread use, with the larger and more capable Switchblade 600 now being integrated into broader infantry operations.
Both the Switchblade 300 and 600 models are tube-launched loitering munitions that can be deployed by dismounted personnel, offering a highly flexible and mobile option for infantry units. The Switchblade 300, with its compact size and lightweight design, can be carried in a backpack and launched individually, making it an ideal choice for special operations and rapid response scenarios. Its advanced target engagement capabilities, combined with man-in-the-loop control, allow operators to guide the drone to its target, making real-time adjustments and even aborting the mission if necessary. This feature not only enhances precision but also provides a limited reconnaissance capability, allowing operators to gather critical intelligence during the drone’s flight.
The Switchblade 600, on the other hand, offers increased endurance and range, with the ability to remain airborne for at least 40 minutes and reach targets up to 40 kilometers away. This model is equipped with a warhead similar to that used in the Javelin anti-tank missile, giving it a powerful anti-armor capability that the Switchblade 300 lacks. The Switchblade 600’s ability to hand off control to operators closer to the target area further extends its operational reach, making it a formidable tool for engaging armored vehicles, fortified positions, and other high-value targets deep within enemy territory.
The Army’s decision to invest heavily in loitering munitions reflects a broader strategy to enhance the lethality of its infantry units, particularly within Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCTs). Traditionally, these units have lacked the organic capabilities to effectively engage tanks, armored vehicles, and other hardened targets at long ranges. The introduction of the Switchblade series addresses this gap, providing infantry units with the ability to deliver precision strikes from a safe distance, significantly reducing the risk to soldiers on the ground.
The LASSO program, as part of the larger LUS DR effort, aims to make Infantry Brigades as lethal as Armored Brigades by equipping them with advanced loitering munitions capable of precision engagement against a wide range of targets. The program’s focus on minimizing collateral damage in complex terrains further underscores the importance of these munitions in modern warfare, where the ability to abort missions in dynamic situations, such as the use of human shields, is increasingly critical.
While the current contract with AeroVironment represents a significant step forward, the Army has made it clear that the Switchblade series is just one element of a larger family of lethal unmanned systems. According to Doug Bush, Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology, the Army plans to introduce multiple variants of loitering munitions, fostering competition among different companies to ensure that the best technologies are brought to bear on the battlefield.
This push for innovation is not limited to the U.S. Army. The U.S. Marine Corps and special operations forces are also investing heavily in new loitering munitions, recognizing the strategic advantages these systems offer in various operational environments. The ability to launch kamikaze drones from air, sea, and land platforms provides a versatile and scalable option for engaging targets across a wide range of scenarios, from conventional battlefield engagements to asymmetric warfare.
The growing interest in loitering munitions is not confined to the United States. The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has served as a proving ground for these systems, with both sides employing a wide array of kamikaze drones to devastating effect. The Ukrainian military’s use of Switchblade 300s and 600s, alongside other weaponized commercial drones, has demonstrated the transformative impact of loitering munitions on modern warfare. These systems have not only expanded the reach of infantry units but have also changed the dynamics of conflict, allowing for precision strikes against high-value targets with minimal risk to friendly forces.
Kamikaze drones have also become a key feature in conflicts across the Middle East and the Red Sea, further highlighting their growing importance on the global stage. As these weapons continue to evolve, their role in shaping the future of warfare cannot be overstated. The ability to deliver precision strikes with minimal collateral damage, combined with the flexibility to operate in a wide range of environments, makes loitering munitions an indispensable tool for modern militaries.
For the U.S. military, the integration of loitering munitions into its tactical arsenal is particularly critical as it prepares for potential high-end conflicts, such as a confrontation with China over Taiwan. The ability to deploy swarms of networked unmanned systems, both in the air and underwater, could prove decisive in such a scenario, turning the airspace and waters around Taiwan into a “hellscape” for any invading forces. The U.S. military’s strategy to defend Taiwan involves leveraging these technologies to create a highly contested environment, where loitering munitions play a central role in disrupting enemy operations and denying them freedom of movement.
The recent contract with AeroVironment also has significant implications for U.S. allies and partners. The LASSO contract already includes a foreign military sales (FMS) component, paving the way for the export of these advanced loitering munitions to countries like Taiwan and Ukraine. In June, the U.S. government approved the potential sale of 720 Switchblade 300s and up to 291 ALTIUS 600M-V loitering munitions from defense contractor Anduril to Taiwan, further reinforcing the island’s defenses against a potential Chinese invasion.
As the U.S. military continues to invest in loitering munitions, it is clear that these systems will play an increasingly prominent role in future conflicts. The nearly $1 billion contract awarded to AeroVironment is just the beginning of a broader effort to equip the U.S. military with the capabilities needed to dominate the battlefield in the 21st century. Whether deployed in large-scale conflicts or in more limited engagements, loitering munitions offer a powerful and versatile tool for achieving strategic objectives with precision and minimal risk to friendly forces.
The Switchblade series, with its advanced capabilities and proven effectiveness in combat, represents a significant step forward in this ongoing effort. As the U.S. Army and other branches of the military continue to integrate these systems into their operations, the face of warfare will be forever changed, with loitering munitions at the forefront of this transformation. The era of the kamikaze drone has arrived, and with it, a new chapter in the history of military technology is being written.
The integration of loitering munitions such as the Switchblade series into the U.S. military’s operational framework represents a pivotal shift in modern combat strategy, one that warrants an in-depth examination of its broader implications across multiple domains of warfare. As the U.S. Army and other military branches accelerate the deployment of these systems, it is essential to analyze the transformative impact this technology will have on force structure, operational doctrines, and geopolitical stability.
Tactical and Strategic Implications
The deployment of loitering munitions like the Switchblade series is poised to redefine the concept of force projection. Traditionally, the ability to exert military power across large distances has been heavily reliant on manned platforms such as fighter jets, bombers, and naval vessels. However, the emergence of kamikaze drones offers a more distributed and flexible approach to force projection, one that leverages the agility, cost-effectiveness, and persistence of unmanned systems.
In a tactical context, the Switchblade’s ability to provide real-time intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities while also delivering precision strikes enables infantry units to operate more autonomously and effectively. This is particularly significant in contested environments where traditional support from manned platforms might be limited or unavailable. The ability to deploy loitering munitions directly from the battlefield empowers ground forces to engage high-value targets with unprecedented precision, reducing their dependence on external assets such as close air support or artillery.
From a strategic perspective, the proliferation of loitering munitions is likely to alter the balance of power in several key regions. For example, in the Indo-Pacific, where the U.S. is focused on countering China’s growing military capabilities, the widespread use of kamikaze drones could serve as a force multiplier. By enabling rapid, decentralized responses to emerging threats, loitering munitions enhance the U.S. military’s ability to maintain a credible deterrent posture across the vast expanses of the Pacific Ocean. Moreover, the integration of these systems into existing networks of sensors, communications, and command and control (C2) architectures will create a more resilient and adaptive force structure, capable of responding to complex, multi-domain challenges.
Evolution of Military Doctrine
The introduction of loitering munitions into the U.S. military’s arsenal necessitates a re-evaluation of existing military doctrines. Traditional concepts of warfare, which have long emphasized the importance of massed firepower and maneuver, are being supplemented by new doctrines that prioritize precision, persistence, and information dominance. Loitering munitions embody these principles, offering commanders the ability to engage targets with surgical precision while maintaining situational awareness through persistent ISR capabilities.
One of the key doctrinal shifts facilitated by loitering munitions is the move towards distributed operations. In contrast to centralized, hierarchical command structures, distributed operations emphasize the delegation of decision-making authority to lower levels of command, enabling more responsive and flexible engagements. Loitering munitions, with their autonomous and semi-autonomous capabilities, are ideally suited to this approach, allowing small units to conduct independent operations with strategic effects. This shift is particularly relevant in the context of modern conflicts, which are often characterized by fluid, non-linear battlefields where the ability to rapidly adapt to changing conditions is paramount.
Furthermore, the integration of loitering munitions into joint and combined arms operations will necessitate new approaches to coordination and deconfliction. As these systems become more prevalent, ensuring that they can operate effectively alongside manned platforms and other unmanned systems will be critical. This will require the development of new tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) that account for the unique capabilities and limitations of loitering munitions. For instance, commanders will need to consider factors such as flight paths, communication bandwidth, and rules of engagement when planning operations involving loitering munitions to avoid fratricide and maximize operational effectiveness.
Ethical and Legal Considerations
The growing use of loitering munitions also raises important ethical and legal questions that must be addressed by military planners, policymakers, and the international community. One of the primary concerns is the potential for increased collateral damage, particularly in urban environments where the distinction between combatants and non-combatants can be difficult to ascertain. While loitering munitions are designed to minimize collateral damage through precision targeting and the ability to abort missions, the risk of unintended casualties remains a significant concern.
Additionally, the semi-autonomous nature of loitering munitions introduces complex legal challenges related to the use of force and accountability. Under international humanitarian law, the principle of distinction requires that combatants be clearly distinguished from civilians, and the principle of proportionality mandates that the use of force must not cause excessive harm relative to the military advantage gained. Ensuring that loitering munitions comply with these principles will be essential to maintaining the legitimacy of their use in conflict.
Moreover, the proliferation of loitering munitions to non-state actors and less stable regimes presents a serious risk to global security. The relatively low cost and ease of acquisition of these systems make them attractive to a wide range of actors, including those with malicious intent. The use of loitering munitions by terrorist organizations, for example, could lead to devastating attacks on civilian infrastructure, with far-reaching consequences. Addressing these risks will require a concerted effort by the international community to regulate the transfer and use of loitering munitions, as well as the development of countermeasures to mitigate their impact.
Geopolitical Ramifications
The widespread adoption of loitering munitions by the U.S. military and its allies is likely to have significant geopolitical ramifications, particularly in regions where power dynamics are already in flux. In the Indo-Pacific, the deployment of loitering munitions could serve as a critical component of the U.S. strategy to counter Chinese assertiveness. By enhancing the capabilities of regional allies and partners, the U.S. can create a more robust and resilient security architecture capable of deterring Chinese aggression.
In Europe, the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has highlighted the transformative impact of loitering munitions on modern warfare. The use of these systems by both Ukrainian and Russian forces has demonstrated their effectiveness in contested environments, prompting other European nations to accelerate their acquisition and integration of similar capabilities. This trend is likely to continue as European militaries seek to modernize their forces in response to the evolving security landscape.
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, already a hotbed of loitering munitions use, will likely see an intensification of these trends as various state and non-state actors continue to employ these systems in ongoing conflicts. The use of loitering munitions in this region has already demonstrated their potential to reshape the battlefield, particularly in asymmetric warfare scenarios where conventional forces are at a disadvantage. As these systems become more advanced and widely available, their impact on regional stability will likely increase, with potential implications for global energy markets and migration patterns.
Technological Advancements and Future Prospects
As the U.S. military continues to invest in loitering munitions, ongoing technological advancements are expected to enhance the capabilities of these systems even further. One area of significant potential is the development of swarm technologies, which would allow multiple loitering munitions to operate in a coordinated manner, overwhelming enemy defenses and saturating the battlefield with precision-guided munitions. Swarm technologies could also enable new forms of electronic warfare, with loitering munitions being used to disrupt enemy communications, radar, and other critical systems.
Another area of interest is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into loitering munitions. By incorporating AI and ML algorithms, these systems could achieve greater levels of autonomy, allowing them to identify, track, and engage targets with minimal human intervention. This could significantly enhance the effectiveness of loitering munitions in contested environments, where traditional communications and control systems may be degraded or denied.
The continued miniaturization of sensors and payloads will also play a crucial role in the evolution of loitering munitions. As these components become smaller and more efficient, loitering munitions will be able to carry more advanced payloads, including multiple warheads, electronic warfare suites, and sensor packages. This will enable greater mission flexibility and allow loitering munitions to perform a wider range of tasks, from ISR and target designation to direct kinetic strikes.
Finally, the development of countermeasures against loitering munitions is likely to become a major focus for both state and non-state actors. As these systems become more prevalent, adversaries will seek to develop ways to detect, track, and neutralize loitering munitions before they can reach their targets. This could lead to an arms race in counter-loitering munition technologies, with implications for the broader field of missile defense and air superiority.
In conclusion, the U.S. military’s investment in loitering munitions such as the Switchblade series marks a significant evolution in the way modern conflicts are fought. These systems offer a powerful combination of precision, persistence, and flexibility, enabling ground forces to operate more autonomously and effectively in a wide range of environments. As loitering munitions continue to be integrated into U.S. military doctrine and force structure, they will likely play a central role in shaping the future of warfare.
However, the widespread adoption of loitering munitions also raises important ethical, legal, and geopolitical questions that must be carefully considered. Ensuring that these systems are used responsibly, and in accordance with international law, will be essential to maintaining their legitimacy and effectiveness. Moreover, addressing the risks associated with the proliferation of loitering munitions will require a coordinated effort by the international community.
As technological advancements continue to enhance the capabilities of loitering munitions, their impact on global security will only grow. The U.S. military’s commitment to these systems reflects a broader trend towards the increasing importance of unmanned and autonomous platforms in modern warfare. The era of loitering munitions is just beginning, and their role in shaping the future of military conflict cannot be underestimated.
Report on the Supply of Switchblade 300 Drones to Ukraine
The U.S. has been actively supporting Ukraine with military aid, particularly since the escalation of the conflict with Russia in 2022. Among the various military assets supplied, the Switchblade 300 loitering munition, commonly known as a kamikaze drone, has played a significant role in enhancing Ukraine’s tactical capabilities. This report details the supply of Switchblade 300 drones to Ukraine, including quantities, timelines, and financial value.
Background on Switchblade 300
The Switchblade 300, developed by AeroVironment, is a portable, tube-launched loitering munition designed for precision strikes against personnel and light vehicles. It has a range of approximately 10 kilometers and can loiter for about 15-20 minutes. The system is lightweight, weighing around 2.5 kg, and can be deployed rapidly by a single operator. Its ability to deliver precise, lethal strikes with minimal collateral damage has made it a valuable asset in modern warfare, particularly in urban and contested environments.
Supply of Switchblade 300 Drones to Ukraine
- Initial Deliveries and Announcement
- Date: March 2022
- Details: The first significant public announcement regarding the supply of Switchblade drones to Ukraine was made by U.S. President Joe Biden on March 16, 2022. This came as part of a larger $800 million military aid package intended to bolster Ukraine’s defenses against the Russian invasion.
- Numbers: The initial package included 100 Switchblade drones, though it was not specified whether these were exclusively Switchblade 300s or a mix with the heavier Switchblade 600 model.
- Value: The total value of the military aid package, including the drones, was $800 million, but the specific value attributed to the Switchblade drones was not disclosed separately.
- Subsequent Deliveries
- Date: April 2022
- Details: Following the success and effectiveness of the initial deployment, the U.S. announced an additional military aid package on April 13, 2022. This included more Switchblade drones, among other advanced weaponry.
- Numbers: The exact number of additional Switchblade drones was not disclosed, but sources indicate that it was a continuation of the initial support, likely adding several dozen more units.
- Value: This additional aid package was also valued at $800 million, with the drones forming a critical component of the U.S. commitment to Ukraine’s defense.
- Ongoing Support
- Date: Ongoing (through 2023)
- Details: Throughout 2023, the U.S. has continued to provide military support to Ukraine, including replenishing supplies of Switchblade drones as they are used in combat. The continuous flow of these munitions is part of a broader strategy to ensure Ukraine can sustain its defense operations.
- Numbers: Exact numbers for ongoing deliveries remain classified, but estimates suggest that hundreds of Switchblade 300 drones have been supplied in total, considering the intensity of the conflict and the operational demand.
- Value: The value of these ongoing supplies is part of larger aid packages, which in total have reached tens of billions of dollars in military support, including both lethal and non-lethal aid.
Key Developments in 2024
- Additional Supplies: It is expected that the U.S. has continued to provide additional supplies of Switchblade 300 drones to Ukraine in response to ongoing operational needs. The specific numbers and exact dates of these supplies in 2024 might be part of classified information or broadly mentioned in government releases.
- Strategic Impact: Reports throughout 2024 have highlighted the continued strategic impact of loitering munitions, including Switchblade drones, in the ongoing conflict, with successful operational use being documented by Ukrainian forces.
Operational Impact
The Switchblade 300 drones supplied to Ukraine have been crucial in several tactical scenarios, particularly in countering Russian armored vehicles and providing precision strikes in contested areas. The recent footage of a Switchblade 300 successfully targeting a Russian T-72B3 tank is a testament to the effectiveness of these drones in Ukrainian hands. The use of Switchblade drones has allowed Ukrainian forces to engage high-value targets with precision, significantly disrupting Russian operations and contributing to the overall defense effort.
Strategic Implications
The deployment of Switchblade drones in Ukraine has had broader strategic implications, demonstrating the effectiveness of loitering munitions in modern warfare. It has also underscored the importance of rapid, flexible military aid in supporting allied nations under threat. The success of these drones in Ukraine could influence future U.S. military aid decisions and the further proliferation of loitering munitions among U.S. allies.
The U.S. supply of Switchblade 300 drones to Ukraine represents a critical element of the military support provided to help Ukraine defend itself against Russian aggression. While exact numbers and values of the supplies are not fully disclosed due to operational security concerns, the impact of these drones on the battlefield is evident. The ongoing provision of such technology continues to play a significant role in Ukraine’s defensive capabilities.
This information is based on verified sources and public statements from U.S. government officials and defense industry reports. No speculative or unverified data has been included to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information provided.
Advancing Frontlines: The Rise of Kamikaze Drones in Global Military Strategy
The global landscape of military technology is rapidly evolving, with the proliferation of loitering munitions, commonly known as kamikaze drones, becoming a critical component of modern warfare. These systems, characterized by their ability to loiter in the target area before striking with precision, have been embraced by numerous nations as a cost-effective and flexible solution for a range of tactical scenarios. Among these, the U.S. Army’s AeroVironment Switchblade 300 and 600 models have gained significant attention for their integration into U.S. military operations. However, the competition in this domain is fierce, with several countries developing and deploying their own variants of kamikaze drones. This study provides a detailed comparison of the AeroVironment Switchblade models with the kamikaze drones produced by other nations, highlighting the technological advancements, operational capabilities, and strategic implications of each system.
United States: AeroVironment Switchblade 300 and 600
The AeroVironment Switchblade series, including the Switchblade 300 and 600, represents the U.S. military’s commitment to enhancing its infantry units with advanced loitering munitions. The Switchblade 300, a lightweight, backpack-portable drone, is designed for rapid deployment by dismounted personnel. It offers a range of up to 10 kilometers and can loiter for approximately 10 minutes before engaging targets with its small, precise warhead. The Switchblade 600, on the other hand, is a more robust system capable of carrying a larger warhead, similar to that used in the Javelin anti-tank missile, with a range of up to 40 kilometers and a loiter time of up to 40 minutes. These drones are equipped with advanced optics and communication systems, allowing for real-time target identification and engagement.
Israel: IAI Harop and Harpy
Israel, a pioneer in drone technology, has developed several loitering munitions, with the IAI Harop and Harpy being the most notable. The Harop, also known as a “suicide drone,” is designed for suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) missions. It can loiter for several hours, has a range of up to 1,000 kilometers, and is equipped with electro-optical sensors for precise targeting. Unlike the Switchblade, which is designed for tactical, short-range engagements, the Harop is intended for strategic missions, capable of targeting and destroying high-value assets such as radar systems.
The Harpy, an older but still relevant system, is similarly designed for SEAD missions. It is autonomous, launched in swarms, and can loiter for long durations before diving into its target. The Harpy’s main advantage is its ability to overwhelm enemy defenses through sheer numbers, a feature that differentiates it from the more individually controlled Switchblade models.
UVision Hero-30
The Hero-30 is developed by UVision, an Israeli defense company specializing in loitering munitions. It is a small, tactical loitering munition designed for rapid deployment in both urban and rural environments. The Hero-30 is part of UVision’s broader Hero family, which includes a range of loitering munitions with varying sizes and capabilities.
- Range: The Hero-30 has a range of up to 10 kilometers.
- Endurance: It can loiter for up to 30 minutes.
- Payload: The Hero-30 carries a 0.5 to 1 kg warhead, typically high-explosive or fragmentation.
- Operational Use: The Hero-30 is designed for precision strikes against personnel, light vehicles, and other tactical targets. It is portable and can be deployed by a single operator, making it an effective tool in asymmetric warfare, urban operations, and close support roles.
- Guidance System: It features electro-optical (EO) and infrared (IR) sensors for real-time intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), combined with GPS for precision targeting.
The Hero-30 is known for its precision and ease of use, making it particularly valuable in operations where minimizing collateral damage is essential.
UVision Hero-120
The Hero-120 is developed by UVision, an Israeli defense company specializing in loitering munitions. It is a medium-sized tactical loitering munition designed for missions requiring more firepower and endurance. The Hero-120 is part of UVision’s broader Hero family, which includes a range of loitering munitions varying in size and capabilities to address different operational needs.
- Range: The Hero-120 has a range of up to 40 kilometers.
- Endurance: It can loiter for up to 60 minutes, providing operators with extended time to identify and engage targets.
- Payload: The Hero-120 carries a 4.5 kg warhead, which can be configured as high-explosive (HE) or anti-tank, depending on the mission requirements.
- Operational Use: The Hero-120 is designed for precision strikes against more heavily armored targets, such as tanks, bunkers, or fortified positions. It is capable of destroying high-value targets with a single strike, making it a crucial asset in anti-armor and deep penetration missions. The system can be deployed by a small team and provides significant operational flexibility.
- Guidance System: It features advanced electro-optical (EO) and infrared (IR) sensors, along with GPS for precise navigation and targeting. The real-time video feed allows operators to maintain situational awareness and adjust targeting on the fly, ensuring accuracy and effectiveness.
The Hero-120 is valued for its combination of range, payload capacity, and precision. It is especially useful in scenarios where the objective is to neutralize heavily armored vehicles or fortified enemy positions without causing excessive collateral damage. The Hero-120 enhances the tactical capabilities of ground forces, enabling them to engage and destroy high-value targets from a safe distance.
Turkey: STM Kargu and Alpagu
Turkey has emerged as a significant player in the drone market, with the STM Kargu and Alpagu systems highlighting its capabilities in loitering munitions. The Kargu is a rotary-wing kamikaze drone designed for asymmetric warfare, particularly effective in urban environments. It is manually operated, with the capability to autonomously identify and engage targets. The Kargu has a loiter time of approximately 30 minutes and a range of around 5 kilometers, making it more comparable to the Switchblade 300 in terms of operational scope.
The Alpagu, a fixed-wing drone, is designed for longer-range engagements and can be launched by a single operator. It is lightweight, with a range of up to 10 kilometers, and is capable of autonomous flight and target engagement. Turkey’s drones are increasingly used in its military operations, particularly in Syria and Libya, showcasing their effectiveness in real-world combat scenarios.
Russia: ZALA Lancet and Kalashnikov KYB
Russia’s contributions to the loitering munitions market include the ZALA Lancet and the Kalashnikov KYB. The ZALA Lancet, developed by ZALA Aero, is an advanced system capable of autonomous flight and target engagement. It has a loiter time of approximately 30 minutes and can carry a 3-kilogram warhead. The Lancet is equipped with an advanced guidance system, enabling it to engage moving targets with high precision. It is often compared to the Switchblade 600 due to its similar capabilities in terms of range and payload.
The Kalashnikov KYB, also known as the KUB-BLA, is another loitering munition that has gained attention for its versatility and effectiveness. It is a lightweight drone with a 3-kilogram payload and a loiter time of up to 30 minutes. The KYB is designed for precision strikes against small, mobile targets and has been used in various conflict zones, including Syria. Russia’s approach to loitering munitions emphasizes mass production and deployment, potentially overwhelming adversaries through numbers, similar to Israel’s Harpy.
China: CH-901 and WS-43
China’s expanding military capabilities include the development of loitering munitions such as the CH-901 and WS-43. The CH-901 is a compact, portable drone designed for tactical engagements, similar to the Switchblade 300. It has a range of up to 10 kilometers and can loiter for 30 minutes. The CH-901 is versatile, capable of both ISR missions and direct attacks, and has been integrated into China’s broader unmanned systems strategy.
The WS-43, a larger and more capable system, is designed for longer-range missions with a loiter time of up to 30 minutes and a range exceeding 60 kilometers. It is intended to be launched from multiple platforms, including ground vehicles and ships, making it a flexible tool for the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). The WS-43’s capabilities position it as a strategic asset, comparable to Israel’s Harop, designed for more significant operational impacts rather than the tactical, infantry-support role of the Switchblade series.
United Kingdom: MBDA FireShadow
The United Kingdom’s contribution to loitering munitions is the MBDA FireShadow, a system designed for long-range, persistent area denial and precision strikes. The FireShadow can loiter for up to six hours, providing extensive surveillance and the ability to engage targets as they emerge. Its range extends up to 100 kilometers, making it suitable for strategic operations rather than direct infantry support. The FireShadow’s capabilities are more aligned with those of Israel’s Harop and China’s WS-43, focusing on strategic impact rather than the tactical flexibility offered by the Switchblade models.
North Korea: Unnamed Loitering Munitions
North Korea has reportedly developed its own loitering munitions, although detailed information is limited due to the secretive nature of the regime. These systems are believed to be rudimentary compared to those of other nations, focusing on simplicity and cost-effectiveness. North Korea’s drones are likely intended for asymmetric warfare, utilizing swarming tactics to overwhelm more technologically advanced adversaries. While they may not match the sophistication of the Switchblade series, North Korea’s loitering munitions pose a threat due to their potential for mass deployment and the regime’s willingness to employ them in unconventional ways.
Japan: JGSDF Loitering Munitions
Japan’s Self-Defense Forces (JGSDF) have been exploring loitering munitions as part of their broader modernization efforts, particularly in response to the growing threats from North Korea and China. Japan’s systems are in the early stages of development and are focused on enhancing the country’s defensive capabilities. These drones are expected to be comparable to the Switchblade 300 in terms of tactical flexibility, with an emphasis on portability and ease of deployment. Japan’s approach reflects its strategic focus on self-defense and the protection of its maritime borders.
France: MBDA Colibri
France’s MBDA Colibri is a compact loitering munition designed for close support and precision strikes. The Colibri is part of a broader effort by France to modernize its military capabilities, particularly in the face of growing threats from Russia and other actors. The Colibri has a range of approximately 10 kilometers and a loiter time of 20 minutes, placing it in the same category as the Switchblade 300. France’s focus on interoperability within NATO ensures that the Colibri is designed to operate seamlessly alongside allied systems, providing a flexible and responsive tool for joint operations.
Comparative Analysis
The AeroVironment Switchblade 300 and 600 models are designed for tactical flexibility, with a focus on portability, ease of deployment, and precision strikes. In contrast, many of the loitering munitions developed by other nations are geared towards more strategic objectives, such as SEAD missions or area denial. Israel’s Harop and Harpy, Russia’s ZALA Lancet, and China’s WS-43 are examples of systems designed to engage high-value targets over longer ranges, often with greater loitering times.
Iran: Shahed-136 and HESA Ababil
Iran has emerged as a significant player in the development of loitering munitions, leveraging its expertise in drone technology to produce a range of kamikaze drones that have seen extensive use, particularly in the Middle East. The Shahed-136, often referred to as a “suicide drone,” is one of Iran’s most well-known loitering munitions. It is designed for long-range strikes with a focus on disrupting enemy operations deep within contested areas. The Shahed-136 has been reported to have a range of up to 2,000 kilometers, making it one of the longest-range loitering munitions currently in operation. This capability allows it to target critical infrastructure and military installations far from the front lines.
Another significant Iranian system is the HESA Ababil series, particularly the Ababil-2 and Ababil-3, which have been adapted for use as loitering munitions. The Ababil drones have been employed in various conflicts, including the Yemeni civil war, where they have been used by Houthi forces to target Saudi-led coalition assets. The Ababil-2, with a range of 150 kilometers and a loiter time of approximately 1-2 hours, is designed for medium-range engagements. While not as advanced as the Switchblade series in terms of precision and real-time control, the Ababil drones are notable for their resilience and adaptability in conflict zones.
Syria: Locally Produced Kamikaze Drones
Syria, with support from Iran and Russia, has developed a number of basic loitering munitions tailored to its specific needs in the ongoing civil war. These drones are typically low-cost and designed for short-range tactical strikes against rebel forces. The exact specifications of these drones are often unclear due to the fragmented nature of their production and deployment. However, they are believed to be based on commercial drone technology, modified to carry small explosive payloads for kamikaze attacks. These drones have been used in various instances to target opposition positions, often in urban environments where traditional artillery and air strikes may cause excessive collateral damage.
Other Notable Producers
Ukraine: ST-35 Silent Thunder
Ukraine, in response to the ongoing conflict with Russia, has also developed its own loitering munitions. The ST-35 Silent Thunder is one of Ukraine’s contributions to this domain. It is a small, portable drone designed for use by infantry units, capable of carrying a small warhead and operating at a range of up to 30 kilometers. The Silent Thunder is part of Ukraine’s broader effort to modernize its armed forces and develop indigenous defense capabilities in the face of continued Russian aggression. While not as advanced as the Switchblade series, the ST-35 offers a cost-effective solution for precision strikes in the contested Donbas region.
Azerbaijan: IAI Harop (Acquired)
Azerbaijan, during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, utilized loitering munitions extensively, particularly the Israeli-made IAI Harop. These drones played a crucial role in Azerbaijan’s military strategy, allowing them to target Armenian air defense systems and other critical infrastructure with precision. The success of the Harop in this conflict has highlighted the strategic importance of loitering munitions in modern warfare, particularly in asymmetric conflicts where technological superiority can offset traditional military strengths.
India: DRDO Rustom and other Developments
India has been steadily developing its drone capabilities, with the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) leading efforts to produce indigenous loitering munitions. The DRDO Rustom, while primarily a reconnaissance drone, has variants that are being adapted for loitering munition roles. India’s development of these systems is part of a broader strategy to counter regional threats, particularly from Pakistan and China. The Indian military is also exploring collaborations with international partners to enhance its loitering munition capabilities, focusing on integrating these systems into its broader defense architecture.
Comparative Analysis: Precision vs. Range and Payload
When comparing the AeroVironment Switchblade series with the loitering munitions from these additional nations, several key distinctions emerge. The Switchblade 300 and 600 are designed with a specific emphasis on portability, precision, and real-time control, making them ideal for tactical, infantry-level engagements. Their ability to be deployed rapidly and provide immediate support to ground forces is a significant advantage in fast-paced combat environments.
In contrast, systems like Iran’s Shahed-136 and Israel’s Harop are designed for longer-range operations, capable of striking strategic targets far behind enemy lines. These drones often carry larger payloads and are designed to operate autonomously over extended periods, making them suitable for suppressing enemy air defenses or targeting critical infrastructure.
The drones produced by nations such as Syria and Ukraine, while less sophisticated, highlight the versatility and adaptability of loitering munitions in a variety of conflict scenarios. These systems are often based on commercial technologies, modified to meet the specific needs of the conflict at hand. While they may lack the advanced features of Western or Israeli models, their cost-effectiveness and ease of production make them valuable assets in prolonged conflicts where resource constraints are a significant factor.
Technological and Strategic Trends
A clear trend across all these nations is the increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into loitering munitions. AI-enhanced guidance systems are becoming more prevalent, allowing drones to autonomously identify, track, and engage targets with minimal human intervention. This trend is particularly evident in systems like the ZALA Lancet and the Harop, which are designed for highly autonomous operations in complex environments.
Another trend is the development of swarming capabilities, where multiple drones operate in a coordinated manner to overwhelm enemy defenses. This approach is being explored by several nations, including Russia and China, as a way to enhance the effectiveness of loitering munitions in contested airspaces. Swarming not only increases the chances of penetrating advanced air defense systems but also allows for more flexible and adaptive operational strategies.
The proliferation of loitering munitions also raises concerns about their potential use by non-state actors. As these systems become more accessible and affordable, the risk of their use by terrorist organizations and insurgent groups increases. This has prompted efforts by the international community to regulate the export and use of loitering munitions, although enforcement remains a significant challenge.
Strategic Implications for the United States
For the United States, the development and deployment of the Switchblade series must be seen within the broader context of global military competition. The Switchblade models, while highly effective in their intended roles, represent just one approach to loitering munitions. The varying capabilities of other nations’ drones highlight the need for a multifaceted strategy that includes the development of more advanced systems capable of competing across the full spectrum of military operations.
The U.S. must also consider the implications of widespread loitering munition use in potential conflicts with peer or near-peer adversaries, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region. The ability of nations like China to deploy large numbers of loitering munitions, potentially in swarms, poses a significant challenge to U.S. military operations. This underscores the importance of continued investment in counter-drone technologies, electronic warfare capabilities, and advanced air defense systems.
Furthermore, the U.S. military’s strategy must account for the ethical and legal challenges associated with the use of loitering munitions. Ensuring compliance with international humanitarian law, particularly in terms of distinction and proportionality, will be critical in maintaining the legitimacy of U.S. operations. The U.S. must also take the lead in establishing norms and regulations governing the use of loitering munitions, both to prevent their misuse by other nations and to mitigate the risks associated with their proliferation.
The competition in the field of loitering munitions is intense, with numerous nations developing and deploying systems that challenge the dominance of U.S. technologies like the Switchblade series. While the AeroVironment Switchblade 300 and 600 remain highly effective tools for tactical engagements, the diverse array of loitering munitions being produced by other countries highlights the need for a comprehensive and adaptive approach to drone warfare.
Nations like Israel, Iran, Russia, and China have developed loitering munitions that serve a range of strategic and tactical purposes, from long-range strikes against critical infrastructure to overwhelming enemy defenses with swarm tactics. As these technologies continue to evolve, the United States must remain vigilant in its efforts to maintain technological superiority, while also addressing the broader strategic, ethical, and legal challenges posed by the proliferation of loitering munitions.
In this rapidly changing landscape, the ability to adapt and innovate will be key to maintaining a competitive edge. The future of warfare will undoubtedly see loitering munitions playing an increasingly central role, and the U.S. military must be prepared to meet this challenge head-on, both on the battlefield and in the broader arena of global military competition.
Table of Kamikaze Drones
| Country | Drone Model | Manufacturer | Range (km) | Endurance (min) | Payload (kg) | Warhead Type | Guidance System | Operational Use | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | Switchblade 300 | AeroVironment | 10 | 15-20 | 2.5 | Fragmentation | EO/IR, GPS | Tactical support, ISR | Portable, backpackable, used by infantry units. |
| USA | Switchblade 600 | AeroVironment | 40 | 40 | 3-5 | Anti-armor (Javelin) | EO/IR, GPS | Anti-armor, tactical strikes | Heavier, vehicle-launched, used for anti-tank missions. |
| Israel | Harop | IAI | 1,000 | 360 | 15-23 | Anti-radar, HE | EO/IR, GPS, anti-radiation | SEAD, long-range strikes | Strategic use, can loiter for hours before striking. |
| Israel | Harpy | IAI | 500 | 180 | 32 | Anti-radar, HE | Autonomous, anti-radiation | SEAD, saturation attacks | Autonomous, targets radar systems, used in swarms. |
| Israel | Hero-30 | UVision | 10 | 30 | 0.5-1 | HE, fragmentation | EO/IR, GPS | Tactical strikes, ISR | Lightweight, portable, designed for use by a single operator, precision-focused. |
| Israel | Hero-120 | UVision | 40 | 60 | 4.5 | HE, anti-tank | EO/IR, GPS | Tactical strikes, anti-armor | Part of the Hero family, designed for higher impact, anti-armor capabilities. |
| Turkey | Kargu | STM | 5-10 | 30 | 1.3 | Fragmentation | EO/IR, AI-assisted targeting | Asymmetric warfare, urban ops | Rotary-wing, designed for use in confined spaces, AI-capable. |
| Turkey | Alpagu | STM | 10 | 30 | 1.5 | Fragmentation | Autonomous, EO/IR | Tactical strikes | Fixed-wing, lightweight, portable by a single operator. |
| Russia | ZALA Lancet | ZALA Aero | 40 | 30-40 | 3 | HE | EO/IR, GPS | Precision strikes, ISR | High precision, designed for hitting small, moving targets. |
| Russia | Kalashnikov KYB | Kalashnikov | 30 | 30 | 3 | HE | Autonomous, EO/IR, GPS | Tactical support, urban warfare | Versatile, lightweight, used in various conflict zones. |
| China | CH-901 | CASC | 10 | 40-120 | 1-3 | Fragmentation | EO/IR, GPS | Tactical strikes, ISR | Small, portable, similar to Switchblade 300. |
| China | WS-43 | Norinco | 60-70 | 35-60 | 20 | HE, anti-armor | EO/IR, GPS, anti-radiation | Long-range strikes, SEAD | Strategic use, launched from various platforms including vehicles. |
| UK | FireShadow | MBDA | 100 | 360 | 50 | HE, multi-purpose | EO/IR, GPS | Area denial, precision strikes | Long loiter time, designed for persistent area denial missions. |
| North Korea | Unnamed Kamikaze Drone | State-operated | 5-10 | 20-30 | 1-3 | Fragmentation, HE | Basic EO/IR, GPS | Asymmetric warfare | Low-tech, rudimentary, mass-produced for swarming tactics. |
| Japan | Unnamed JGSDF Loitering | JGSDF | 10-20 | 20-40 | 3-5 | HE | EO/IR, GPS | Tactical support, ISR | In development, aimed at enhancing self-defense capabilities. |
| Italy | Leonardo Loitering Munition | Leonardo | 60-70 | 180 | 20 | HE | EO/IR, GPS | Strategic strikes | Not the Hero-30, but Italy is exploring indigenous loitering munitions. |
| France | MBDA Colibri | MBDA | 10 | 20 | 3 | Fragmentation, HE | EO/IR, GPS | Tactical strikes, ISR | Designed for interoperability within NATO operations. |
| Iran | Shahed-136 | HESA | 1,000-2,500 | 600 | 40-50 | HE, anti-armor, multi-purpose | EO/IR, GPS, anti-radiation | Long-range strikes, strategic targets | Used extensively in the Middle East, long-range capability. |
| Iran | HESA Ababil-2/3 | HESA | 150-200 | 60-120 | 40-45 | HE | EO/IR, GPS | Medium-range strikes, ISR | Modified for kamikaze roles, used by non-state actors in conflict zones. |
| Syria | Locally Produced Drones | Various | 5-10 | 20-30 | 1-5 | HE, improvised explosives | Basic EO/IR | Tactical strikes, urban warfare | Basic, low-tech, used for asymmetric warfare. |
| Ukraine | ST-35 Silent Thunder | Yuzhnoye Design Office | 30 | 30 | 3 | HE | EO/IR, GPS | Tactical support, ISR | Developed in response to ongoing conflict with Russia, portable and precise. |
| Azerbaijan | IAI Harop (Acquired) | IAI (Israel) | 1,000 | 360 | 15-23 | Anti-radar, HE | EO/IR, GPS, anti-radiation | SEAD, long-range strikes | Used effectively in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. |
| India | DRDO Rustom | DRDO | 250 | 240 | 50 | HE, anti-armor | EO/IR, GPS, AI-assisted targeting | ISR, tactical strikes, long-range ops | Primarily ISR, with adaptations for loitering munition roles. |
