Small changes in a single olfactory receptor gene can affect how we feel odor

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Several years ago the internet was captivated by the enigma of “the dress” – specifically, was the dress black and blue, or was it white and gold?

No matter what you saw, the viral debate served to highlight that humans differ remarkably in how we each perceive our personal sensory world.

Olfaction is essential for the survival of animals. Versatile odour molecules in the environment are received by olfactory receptors (ORs), which form the largest multigene family in vertebrates.

Identification of the entire repertories of OR genes using bioinformatics methods from the whole-genome sequences of diverse organisms revealed that the numbers of OR genes vary enormously, ranging from ~1,200 in rats and ~400 in humans to ~150 in zebrafish and ~15 in pufferfish.

Most species have a considerable fraction of pseudogenes.

Extensive phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the numbers of gene gains and losses are extremely large in the OR gene family, which is a striking example of the birth-and-death evolution.

It appears that OR gene repertoires change dynamically, depending on each organism’s living environment.

For example, higher primates equipped with a well-developed vision system have lost a large number of OR genes.

Moreover, two groups of OR genes for detecting airborne odorants greatly expanded after the time of terrestrial adaption in the tetrapod lineage, whereas fishes retain diverse repertoires of genes that were present in aquatic ancestral species.

The origin of vertebrate OR genes can be traced back to the common ancestor of all chordate species, but insects, nematodes and echinoderms utilise distinctive families of chemoreceptors, suggesting that chemoreceptor genes have evolved many times independently in animal evolution.

While even vision scientists disagree about why people saw the dress so differently, a new study from the Monell Center and collaborating institutions sheds light on understanding the extensive individual differences in how we sense odors.

By showing that small changes in a single olfactory receptor gene can affect how strong and pleasant a person finds an odor, the findings expand understanding of how olfactory receptors in the nose encode information about the properties of odors even before that information reaches the brain.

“By taking advantage of the natural variation in the olfactory receptor family, we can gain crucial insight into how the olfactory system works and how differences in this system may impact food choice, nutritional health, and overall well-being,” said study lead author Casey Trimmer, PhD, who was a Monell postdoctoral fellow when the research was conducted.

Humans have about 400 different types of specialized sensor proteins, known as olfactory receptors, in their noses.

One odor molecule can activate several different olfactory receptors, while any given receptor can be activated by several different odor molecules.

In a process that remains to be decrypted, the olfactory system somehow interprets these receptor activation patterns to recognize the presence, quality (does it smell like cherry or smoke?) and intensity of millions, maybe even trillions, of different smells.

“We still know very little about how olfactory receptors translate information from an odor molecule into the perception of an odor’s quality, intensity, and pleasantness,” said Monell senior author Joel Mainland, PhD, an olfactory neurobiologist.

“By examining how variation in an olfactory receptor gene changes odor perception, we can begin to understand the function of each receptor.

This, in turn, will help us learn how the receptors work together so that we can decipher the olfactory code and digitize olfaction.”

Small differences in olfactory receptor genes, which are extremely common in humans, can affect the way each receptor functions.

These genetic differences mean that when two people smell the same molecule, one person may detect a floral odor while another smells nothing at all.

In the current study, published online in advance of print in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers examined this phenomenon on a large scale by asking 332 people to rate the perceived intensity (strength) and pleasantness of nearly 70 odors.

Many of the odors used are common components of food flavor, providing real-world relevance to the study.

The scientists also obtained DNA samples from the subjects and used high-throughput sequencing technology to identify differences in the DNA of over 400 olfactory receptor genes from each subject.

Finally, using sophisticated mathematical models, they asked if and how differences in each gene affected odor perception.

“We used people’s genes to identify who has a broken form of a given receptor and compared their odor perception to that of individuals having the more functional version of that receptor. Is the odor less strong? Is it more pleasant?

Is it both?” said Trimmer.

The results were surprising: A change in a single receptor was often sufficient to affect a person’s odor perception.

“Because most odors activate several receptors, many scientists thought that losing one receptor wouldn’t make a difference in how we perceive that odor.

Instead, our work shows that is not the case and changes to a single receptor can make a big difference in how you perceive an odor,” said Mainland.

The findings also revealed that a receptor’s functionality frequently was tied to changes in an odor’s perceived strength. For example, people with a less-functional version of an olfactory receptor known as OR11A1 found the odor molecule 2-ethylfenchol to be less intense than did individuals with a better-functioning version of this receptor.

“The odor associated with 2-ethylfenchol is part of the reason root vegetables like beets have an earthy flavor, so differences in the OR11A1 receptor may explain why some people describe beets as tasting strongly like dirt,” said Trimmer.

Risultati immagini per smell

In a process that remains to be decrypted, the olfactory system somehow interprets these receptor activation patterns to recognize the presence, quality (does it smell like cherry or smoke?) and intensity of millions, maybe even trillions, of different smells.

Moving forward, the researchers will seek to broaden their understanding of the olfactory system by using more sophisticated mathematical models to examine the contribution of multiple receptors to odor perception.

Funding: Research reported in the publication was supported by grants from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC011373, DC013339, DC000014, DC014202, DC005782, DC012095, DC014423, and DC011735) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (TR000043) of the National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Additional funding was supplied by grant 2017/00726-2 from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).

Trimmer currently is at Firmenich, Inc. Also contributing to the researcher were Nicolle Murphy and Lindsey Snyder from Monell; Andreas Keller and Leslie Vosshall from The Rockefeller University; and, Hiroaki Matsunami, Jason Willer, Nicholas Katsanis, and Maira Nagai from the Duke University Medical Center.ABOUT THIS NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH ARTICLE

Source:
Monell Chemical Senses Center
Media Contacts: 
Leslie Stein – Monell Chemical Senses Center
Image Source:
The image is in the public domain.

Original Research: Closed access
“Genetic variation across the human olfactory receptor repertoire alters odor perception”. C. Trimmer, A. Keller, N. R. Murphy, L. L. Snyder, J. R. Willer, M. H. Nagai, N. Katsanis, L. B. Vosshall, H. Matsunami, and J. D. Mainland. PNAS. doi:10.1073/pnas.1804106115

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